This date in history

[Dowly]

A footnote to history I was not aware of:
wiki ....22.5 knots with no binoculars in the lookout stations....a personnel management problem! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lightoller (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lightoller)
Ah, myth #658290.1-B regarding the Titanic.

Testimony of George A. Bartlett (Marine superintendent of the White Star Line, 30+ years at sea)

21708. You are not a believer in binoculars for seamen?
- No.

21709. Do you believe in them for Officers?
- Oh, certainly.

21710. Even in regard to Officers they are for their use?
- Yes.

21711. In the navigation of the ship?
- Yes.

21712. To enable the Officer to pick up anything ahead of him?
- Not to pick up.

21713. (Mr. Scanlan.) Yes, My Lord, I think there is a great deal in that view of the utility of binoculars. (To the witness.) If binoculars have always been thought useful to Officers, how do you come to arrive at the conclusion that they are not at all useful for look-out men and seamen?
- Because look-out men are there to use their eyes and to report immediately anything they see, not to find out the character of that object they see.

21714. How could they report anything unless they had some notion of the character of it?
- They report what is seen - I mean, if they pick up a light it may be a green or white or a red light -

-British Inquiry Day 21

***

Testimony of Alfred Young (7+ years at sea)

23454. Have you applied your mind to the question of the use of binoculars?
- I have applied my mind to it to a certain extent, and I cannot say I have been altogether satisfied.

23455. Do you think the look-out man should be provided with binoculars?
- It is an additional safeguard and by all means let them have it.

23456. (The Commissioner.) Is it an additional safeguard?
- It is an adjunct, and it may be so considered, but it is not absolutely essential.

23457. No, but is desirable. I should say at present that it is not, but you may think differently, and I want to know what you think?
- I do not think differently, because in my experience of binoculars I have far oftener relied on the unassisted eye than anything else.

23458. It occurs to me that a man in the crow's-nest has nothing to do with binoculars; he has to use his eyes and pick up lights and report them to the bridge, and the man on the bridge uses binoculars if he wishes. I should have thought instead of being an assistance it is a distraction to have binoculars?
- It is to a certain extent, but there is another feature connected with it, that when a man is looking through his binoculars his field of vision is necessarily restricted. A man may frequently pass a dark boat with his binoculars which he would readily pick up if his eyes were open to a wider field, because he would have a greater expanse of the atmosphere, say, or the horizon, to compare the object with, which would give him a distinct lead.

23459. (Mr. Scanlan.) After all that, is it your opinion that it is desirable to provide binoculars for look-out men?
- No.

-British Inquiry Day 24

***

Testimony of Charles H. Lightoller (13+ years at sea)

14309. They are there for use when he thinks it desirable to use them?
- Precisely. You see, if I may point out, binoculars, with regard to lights, are extremely useful; that is to say, there is no doubt you will distinguish a light quicker. If you set a man to look out for a certain light, and he reports a light it is quite a matter for us to ring him up on the telephone and ask, "What character is that light?" The man may, on a clear night, see the reflection of the light before it comes above the horizon. It may be the loom of the light and you see it sometimes sixty miles away. He may just make sure of it with the glasses, because there is any amount of time - hours; there is no hurry about them on a clear night at all. You make absolutely certain then about the light, and so as to be in that position we ring him up to say exactly what it is; but when it comes to derelict wrecks or icebergs, the man must not hesitate a moment, and on the first suspicion, before he has time to put his hand to the glasses or anything, one, two, or three bells must be immediately struck, and then he can go ahead with his glasses and do what he likes, but he must report first on suspicion.

-British Inquiry Day 12

***

Testimony of Richard O. Jones (27+ years at sea)

23712. With regard to this question about glasses for the look-out men, the binoculars, do you think it is desirable to have them?
- No, I do not.

23713. What is your reason for that?
- In the first place, it is very difficult to focus the glasses, and if the glasses are not properly focused the man might as well have a blank tube to look through.

-British Inquiry Day 24

***

Testimony of Frederick Passow (Captain for 28+ years)

21877. What do you say with regard to the use of binoculars for the look-out men?
- I never heard of it until I read it in the paper the other day. We have never had them - I never have.

21878. Do you think it would be a good thing?
- I do not think it would be any advantage, because the men would not use them in cold weather anyway, and we do not rely upon them very much. We always see everything first before the look-out men do.

-British Inquiry Day 21

***

Testimony of Edwin G. Cannons (36+ years at sea)

23817. What do you think of binoculars for the look-out men?
- I do not think they are any advantage at all. In the North Atlantic trade they would not be of much use because they are so easily blurred.

-British Inquiry Day 24

[Eichhörnchen]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language

http://i.imgur.com/KXGikTB.jpg "Yo, dis book of mine is bombdiggity, Blud..."

[Jimbuna]

1865 Abraham Lincoln dies 9 hours after he is shot attending the play "Our American Cousin" at Ford's Theatre in Washington.

1912 RMS Titanic sinks at 2:27 AM off Newfoundland as the band plays on.

1942 George VI awards George Cross to people of Malta.

1945 British Army liberates Nazi concentration camp Bergen-Belsen.

1945 US troops occupy concentration camp Colditz.

1952 The maiden flight of the B-52 Stratofortress prototype.

2013 Boston Marathon bombings: 3 people are killed and 183 injured after two explosions near the finish line.

[Jimbuna]

1939 Stalin requests British, French & Russian anti-nazi pact.

1945 Red Army begins Battle of Berlin.

[Jimbuna]

1942 Operations begin to destroy Sobibor Concentration Camp.

1961 1,400 Cuban exiles land in Bay of Pigs in a doomed attempt to overthrow Castro.

[Jimbuna]

1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire kills nearly 4,000 while destroying 75% of the city.

1915 French pilot Roland Garros is shot down and glides to a landing on the German side of the lines during World War I.

1934 Hitler names Joachim von Ribbentrop ambassador for disarmament.

1942 James Doolittle bombs Tokyo & other Japanese cities.

[Aktungbby]

1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire kills nearly 4,000 while destroying 75% of the city.

First remembrance without a survivor present: This year's wreath will be laid at Lotta's Fountain in honor or Bill Del Monte the the last known survivor who died this year at 109!:03: I've been in three major quakes myself ...I should last so long!:woot: http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/1906-San-Francisco-Earthquake-Survivor-Dies-Days-Before-110th-Birthday-364897851.html (http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/1906-San-Francisco-Earthquake-Survivor-Dies-Days-Before-110th-Birthday-364897851.html)!
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lotta%27s_fountain.jpg/250px-Lotta%27s_fountain.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lotta%27s_fountain.jpg)
Lotta's Fountain: totally refurbished. When the earthquake hit on April 18, 1906, it did so in the wee hours at 5:12 am. The cast iron Lotta’s Fountain on Market Street became a crucial meeting point: lists of the dead and missing were posted; http://noehill.com/sf/landmarks/market/lotta_crabtree_thumb.jpg and is now known as SF’s oldest surviving monument. Quite a gal! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotta_Crabtree (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotta_Crabtree)https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/sf/images/sf-earthquake-21-l.jpg The Fairmont hotel, in the distance on hill, nearly complete in 1906, still exists as it was built of reinforced concrete. Its famed Tonga Room & Hurricane Tiki Bar restaurant (my dad was there in WWII:salute:) is one of my favorite dining spots...'till the next big one hits!:arrgh!:

[Jimbuna]

1932 Bonnie Parker is captured in a failed hardware store burglary, and subsequently jailed. A grand jury fails to indict her, however, and she is released a few months later.

1943 SS-lt-gen Jurgen Stoop leads destruction of ghetto of Warsaw.

[Jimbuna]

1918 Manfred von Richthofen, aka The Red Baron, shoots down his 79th and 80th victims marking his final victories before his death the following day.

[Aktungbby]

# 80, Second Lieutenant David "Tommy" Greswolde-Lewis, a born and bred Bulawayan, Rhodesian was the 80th and final (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_victories_of_Manfred_von_Richthofen) pilot defeated by Manfred von Richthofen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_von_Richthofen), the German ace widely known as the Red Baron. Richthofen downed Lewis' Sopwith Camel just north-east of Villers-Bretonneux (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villers-Bretonneux) on 20 April 1918; the Rhodesian's aircraft caught fire in mid-air, and when it crashed he was thrown from the wreckage. The Baron's bullets had hit Lewis' compass, goggles, coat and trouser leg, but he was practically unhurt, having suffered only minor burns. He landed 50 yards from his CO's burning aircraft, (victory #79) Major Richard Raymond-Barker-shot down three minutes previously... he witnessed a red triplane fly by at low level, the pilot waving; undoubtedly Von Richthofen, wanting recognition for his red machine and thus victory credit. He spent the remainder of the war as a prisoner. ‘I heard the rat tat tat of a machine gun’ and the struts of Rhodesia, my old Sopwith Camel, began to splinter above my head. With the fuel tank under my seat on fire, down I went in a hurry and hit the ground. Miraculously I was thrown clear on impact, with only minor burns and a few holes through my trouser leg and heavy flying coat. ‘But an amazing thing happened’, Baron Manfred von Richthofen flew by at 100 feet and saluted me! And soon after I was drinking schnapps with the German officers in the nearby trenches! Perhaps this event marked the last days of chivalry in the Great War?’’ https://media.licdn.com/mpr/mpr/jc/AAEAAQAAAAAAAAR6AAAAJDYxZTBhOTQ2LTViMWUtNDc0Mi05OW I0LTZhZjRkNmRlYTY4OA.jpg After the war Lewis retired to Rhodesia: Assistant Native Affairs Commissioner and later Under-Secretary in the government. Invited back to Germany in 1938 to witness the dedication of the new Richthofen Geschwader, and enjoying considerable celebrity as the 'Baron's last victim'. His auto was machine gunned in the nasty 15 year Rhodesian War of Independence in a terrorist ambush; again he walked away unscathed, finally dying in 1978. http://www.subsim.com/radioroom/https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/past-foreign-country-mitch-stirling (https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/past-foreign-country-mitch-stirling) (<Painting of celebrated event)

[Catfish]

1939 Stalin requests British, French & Russian anti-nazi pact.[...].

1939? And then, this:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact
:hmmm:

[Catfish]

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Titanic_iceberg.jpg/1280px-Titanic_iceberg.jpg]

A loong animation about the sinking, in real time:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rs9w5bgtJC8

[Jimbuna]

1836 Battle of San Jacinto, Texas wins independence from Mexico.

1918 World War I: German fighter ace Baron Manfred von Richthofen "The Red Baron", shot down and killed over Vaux sur Somme in France, Canadian pilot Arthur Roy Brown credited with the kill.

1989 Thousands of Chinese crowd into Beijing's Tiananmen Square cheering students demanding greater political freedom.

[Jimbuna]

1915 1st military use of poison gas (chlorine, by Germany) in WW I.

1916 Karl Spindler scuttles the Aud near Daunt's Rock, to prevent its cargo of 20,000 rifles destined for Irish republicans falling into enemy hands.

1945 Concentration Camp at Sachsenhausen liberated.

[Jimbuna]

1597 William Shakespeare's "The Merry Wives of Windsor" is first performed, with Queen Elizabeth I of England in attendance.

1867 Queen Victoria & Napoleon III turn down plans for a channel tunnel.

1945 Concentration camp Flossenburg liberated.

1980 Soviet Echo-1-class submarine catches fire off Japan, 9 die.

[Jimbuna]

1184 BC The Greeks enter Troy using the Trojan Horse (traditional date).

1916 Easter Rising of Irish republicans against British occupation begins in Dublin.

1967 Vietnam War: American General William Westmoreland says in a news conference that the enemy had "gained support in the United States that gives him hope that he can win politically that which he cannot win militarily."

1981 IBM-PC computer introduced.

[Eichhörnchen]

25 April 1945, US and Soviet troops meet near Torgau:

http://i.imgur.com/jMydNHf.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe_Day

[Jimbuna]

1945 Last Boeing B-17 attack against Nazi Germany.

1945 Red army completely surrounds Berlin.

1980 Announcement of US hostage rescue bungle in Iran.

1985 West German Parliament ruled it illegal to deny the holocaust.

[Aktungbby]

1985 West German Parliament ruled it illegal to deny the holocaust. :subsim: FAQ:.... no propaganda denying the Holocaust.
No doubt a member of the Bundestag was an inspired subsimmer! :shucks:

[Eichhörnchen]

CHERNOBYL

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster

[Aktungbby]

CHERNOBYL

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster
It is difficult to establish the total economic cost of the disaster. According to Mikhail Gorbachev (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev), the Soviet Union spent 18 billion rubles (the equivalent of US$18 billion at that time) on containment and decontamination, virtually bankrupting itself. In Belarus the total cost over 30 years is estimated at US$235 billion (in 2005 dollars).In the aftermath of the accident, 237 people suffered from acute radiation sickness (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_radiation_sickness) (ARS), of whom 31 died within the first three months...Of all 66,000 Belarusian emergency workers, by the mid-1990s only 150 (roughly 0.2%) were reported by their government as having died. In contrast, 5,722 casualties were reported among Ukrainian clean-up workers up to the year 1995, by the National Committee for Radiation Protection of the Ukrainian Population. In Greece, following the accident many obstetricians (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrician) were unable to resist requests from worried pregnant mothers over fears of radiation. Although it was determined that the effective dose (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_dose_(radiation)) to Greeks (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_people) would not exceed 1 mSv (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sievert) (100 mrem (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_(unit))), a dose much lower than that which could induce embryonic abnormalities or other non-stochastic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic) effects, there was an observed 2500 excess of otherwise wanted pregnancies being terminated, probably out of fear in the mother of radiation risk. An area originally extending 30 kilometres (19 mi) in all directions from the plant is officially called the "zone of alienation". It is largely uninhabited, except for about 300 residents who have refused to leave. The area has largely reverted to forest, and has been overrun by wildlife because of a lack of competition with humans for space and resources. Even today, radiation levels are so high that the workers responsible for rebuilding the sarcophagus are only allowed to work five hours a day for one month before taking 15 days of rest. Ukrainian officials estimate the area will not be safe for human life again for another 20,000 years. Of some interest: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/04/25/chernobyl-30-year-anniversary/83220302/ (http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/04/25/chernobyl-30-year-anniversary/83220302/) In Russia, where much information about Chernobyl remains classified, the health ministry said more than 900,000 people undergo annual medical examinations associated with the nuclear accident, including 240,000 children. The ministry said the public's health related to Chernobyl is "not getting worse." How encouraging! :timeout:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chernobyl_radiation_map_1996.svg/350px-Chernobyl_radiation_map_1996.svg.png (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chernobyl_radiation_map_1996.svg)

[Jimbuna]

1607 1st English colony in American lands at Cape Henry, Virginia.

1945 World War II: Battle of Bautzen - last successful German tank-offensive of the war and last noteworthy victory of the Wehrmacht.

1945 Marshal Henri Philippe Petain, leader of France's Vichy collaborationist regime during WW II, arrested for treason.

[tomfon]

1986 - Reactor #4 of Chernobyl's Nuclear Power Plant suffers a catastrophic power increase leading to explosions in its core.

[Jimbuna]

1865 Steamboat "SS Sultana" explodes in the Mississippi River, killing up to 1,800 of the 2,427 passengers in the greatest maritime disaster in United States history. Most were paroled Union POWs on their way home.

1904 The Australian Labor Party under Chris Watson becomes the first Labour government in the world.

1940 Himmler orders establishment of Auschwitz Concentration Camp.

1942 Belgian Jews are forced to wear stars.

1945 Italian partisans capture Benito Mussolini at Dongo (Lake Como).

[Jimbuna]

1770 British Captain James Cook, aboard the Endeavour, lands at Botany Bay in Australia.

1789 Fletcher Christian leads a mutiny on HMS Bounty against its captain William Bligh.

1910 First night air flight by Claude Grahame-White in England.

1939 Hitler claims German-Polish non-attack treaty still in effect.

1940 SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) Rudolf Höss (not Hess, diferent Nazi) becomes commandant of concentration camp Auschwitz.

1944 Exercise "Tiger" ends with 750 US soldiers dead in D-Day rehearsal after their convoy ships were attacked by German torpedo boats.

1952 WW II Pacific peace treaty takes effect.

1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower resigns as Supreme Commander of NATO.

[Jimbuna]

1916 Irish republicans abandon the post office in Dublin and surrender unconditionally, marking the end of the Easter Rising.

1926 France & US reach accord on repayment of WW I.

1942 Jews forced to wear a Jewish Star in Netherlands & Vichy-France.

1945 Terms of surrender of German armies in Italy signed.

1945 US Army liberates 31,601 in Nazi concentration camp in Dachau, Germany.

1946 28 former Japanese leaders indicted in Tokyo as war criminals.

1975 Vietnam War: Operation Frequent Wind: The U.S. begins to evacuate US citizens from Saigon prior to an expected North Vietnamese takeover. U.S. involvement in the war comes to an end.

1990 Wrecking cranes began tearing down the Berlin Wall at the Brandenburg Gate.

[Jimbuna]

1789 George Washington is inaugurated as the first President of the United States of America.

1920 The British Government ends military conscription.

1942 1st submarine built on Great Lakes launched, (Peto), Manitowoc, Wi.

1943 Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp for Jews forms.

1945 Concentration camp Munchen-Allag freed.

1945 Red Army opens attack on German Reichstag building in Berlin.

1945 Russian Army frees Ravensbruck concentration camp.

1975 Last US helicopter leaves US embassy grounds, Saigon surrenders.

2008 Two skeletal remains found near Ekaterinburg, Russia, were confirmed by Russian scientists to be the remains of Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia and one of his sisters.

[Jimbuna]

1915 German submarine torpedoes US tanker Gulflight.

1915 British liner Lusitania leaves NY for Liverpool.

1923 Hitler and Ernst Rohm attempt to break up socialist May Day demonstrates, inviting Nazis from as far away as Nuremberg to take part in the violence.

1931 Empire State Building opens in NewYork City.

1940 The 1940 Olympics are cancelled.

1944 Messerschmitt Me 262 Sturmvogel, 1st jet bomber, makes 1st flight.

1945 About 1,000 citizens of Demmin in Germany, commit suicide provoked by occupation by Soviet Red Army.

1945 Admiral Karl Doenitz forms German government.

1946 Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery appointed British supreme commander.

1948 North Korea proclaims itself Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

1961 Fidel Castro announces there will be no more elections in Cuba.

1961 Pulitzer prize awarded to Harper Lee for her novel "To Kill a Mockingbird".

1966 Last British concert by Beatles (Empire Pool in Wembley).

[Jimbuna]

1915 John McCrae writes the poem "In Flanders Fields"

1938 Concentration camp at Flossenburg goes into use.

1945 WWII: German ship "Cap Arcona" laden with prisoners sunk by Royal Air Force in East Sea, 5,800 killed - one of largest maritime losses of life.

1946 International military tribunal in Tokyo begins.

[Aktungbby]

1945: Operation Dracula : allied forces free Rangoon, Burma (Myanmar) The Indian 26 Division enters the city, already abandoned by the Imperial Japanese Army: The British were joyfully welcomed, perhaps not universally as liberators, but certainly as they could restore order and bring in food and other assistance. When the Japanese and Ba Maw's officials left Rangoon, widespread looting and lawlessness had broken out and continued for several days. The retreating Japanese had burned down the jail housing Burmese prisoners. They had also destroyed St. Philomena's Convent, which had been used as a hospital, killing 400 of their own men. After three years of war and deprivation, the city was deep in filth, many of the population had fled to escape the Kempeitai (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempeitai) (Japanese military police) and those remaining were in rags. Dacoits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacoits) (armed bandits) plagued the outskirts and various infectious diseases were rife.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/IND_004652_Stuart_tank_advancing_on_Rangoon.jpg

[Jimbuna]

1904 Construction begins by the United States on the Panama Canal.

1916 At request of US, Germany curtails its submarine warfare.

1917 A flotilla of US destroyer ships arrive in Queenstown, Ireland, to aid in convoying ships to England.

1932 Al Capone enters Atlanta Penitentiary convicted of income tax evasion.

1948 The Hague Court of Justice convicts Nazi SS officer in the Netherlands Hans Rauter of Crimes against Humanity (executed 24 March 1949).

1979 Margaret Thatcher becomes the first woman to be elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

[Jimbuna]

1945 Mauthausen Concentration camp in Austria liberated by US forces from 41st Reconnaissance Squadron.

1945 Uprising against occupying SS troops in Prague.

1945 World War II: Admiral Karl Dönitz, leader of Germany after Hitler's death, orders all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases.

1955 West Germany is granted full sovereignty by its three occupying powers.

1980 Siege at Iranian Embassy in London ends as British SAS and police storm the building.

[Jimbuna]

1626 Dutch colonist Peter Minuit buys Manhattan Island from local Indians for 60 guilders worth of trinkets.

1937 German airship Hindenburg explodes in flames at Lakehurst, NJ (36 die).

1941 Joseph Stalin became Premier of Russia.

1942 Corregidor & Philippines surrender to Japanese Armies.

1955 West Germany joins NATO.

1962 1st nuclear warhead fired from Polaris submarine (Ethan Allen).

[Jimbuna]

1915 RMS Lusitania sunk by German submarine off the southern coast of Ireland; 1198 lives lost.

1942 Nazi decree orders all Jewish pregnant women of Kovno Ghetto executed.

1945 WWII: Unconditional German surrender to the Allies signed by General Alfred Jodl at Rheims.

[Jimbuna]

1916 German munitions bunker in Fort Douaumont explodes killing 679 German soldiers.

1941 German Q-ship Pinguin sinks in Indian Ocean.

1942 Aircraft carrier USS Lexington sunk by Japanese air attack in Coral Sea.

1945 German General Von Keitel formally surrenders to Marshal Zhukov and the Soviets in Berlin.

1945 V-E Day; WWII ends in Europe after Germany signs an unconditional surrender.

[Catfish]

...
1941 German Q-ship Pinguin sinks in Indian Ocean....

https://worldwar2navies.wordpress.com/2015/02/21/the-raider-pinguin-and-hms-cornwall-1940/

There is quite a difference between a british "Q-ship" and a german auxiliary cruiser. The Pinguin was not a "Q-ship".

[Aktungbby]

https://worldwar2navies.wordpress.com/2015/02/21/the-raider-pinguin-and-hms-cornwall-1940/

There is quite a difference between a british "Q-ship" and a german auxiliary cruiser. The Pinguin was not a "Q-ship".

FROM your own link::D The ship also carried spare torpedoes and mines for replenishing U-boats at sea. By keeping her armament hidden behind false bulkheads or fittings, the ship retained the outward appearance of a merchant vessel. False flags, fictional ship names, and a crew that was always prepared to repaint her, rearrange gear and fittings, or construct dummy structures above decks helped further her deception. The newly converted vessel was recommissioned in February 1940 as HSK 5, for Hilfskreuzer (Auxiliary Cruiser) Number 5. The British, who were greatly worried by them, called such vessels “Q-ships,” “armed cruisers,” or “raiders.” SINCE England won the war ( winners get dibs: ours were submarines; yours were evil U-boats etc.) :shucks:...but we'll compromise on this one and say : 'Armed auxiliary Quiser'!:O:

[Catfish]

^ of course, it is an english link so that most of us here can read it - but what do you expect from an english source? :O: :haha:


"Q-ships" were called that because most of the first ones operated from and around irish Queenstown, and they were especially "designed" to be a trap for submarines, err U-boats, sorry :03:

The task of the auxiliary cruisers was to disrupt enemy trade, get prizes to divert to Germany, and generally be a threat to surface trade ships = commerce raiders. They were also designed and fitted with special quarters and a hospital to carry captured crews below deck, and they usually operated under the prize rule, something that can not be said of british "Q-ships".

The latter were designed to make the prize rule obsolete, as was the arming of civilian merchantmen (breaking signed treaties http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hague07.asp), and being thought of the only way to cope with the german U-boats.


OT: This is the reason why Germany declared the "unrestricted" U-boat war, since the prize rule became obsolete with England using "Q-ships", and civilian ships becoming armed. The "unrestricted" U-boat war was not unrestricted, it only was in certain regions around England, and it only applied for two relatively short times. Also most german U-boat commanders refused to just torpedo a ship without stopping it first even during those unrestricted intervals.

Germany did not sink more ships during the "unrestricted" U-boat war, per time, on the contrary.

When the enemy press condemned the german U-boats, Germany answered that they did all according to the prize rule - so England was not able to do something against that. Instead England then used Q-ships and began to arm civilian merchants, to cope with the U-boats and, as a side effect, provoke international incidents.
A U-boat could not dare to surface and stop potential enemies under prize rule, when the enemy instantly shot at them. So their war became "unrestricted", if only for a short time.

[Jimbuna]

https://worldwar2navies.wordpress.com/2015/02/21/the-raider-pinguin-and-hms-cornwall-1940/

There is quite a difference between a british "Q-ship" and a german auxiliary cruiser. The Pinguin was not a "Q-ship".

Well....after the above and the date that England abolished the slave trade (#1229) I think I can safely say Aktung 'has got my six' :)

[Jimbuna]

1941 British intelligence at Bletchley Park breaks German spy codes after capturing Enigma machines aboard the weather ship Muenchen.

1945 Norwegian nazi collaborator Vidkun Quisling arrested.

1945 World War II: Hermann Goering is captured by the United States Army.

1962 The Beatles sign their 1st contract with EMI Parlophone.

[Catfish]

Well....after the above and the date that England abolished the slave trade (#1229) I think I can safely say Aktung 'has got my six' :)

The Slavery Abolition Act was in 1833 not 1807, which is what i meant..
Regarding the Q-ships, i am sure you read my treatise :03:

Aktung has got your six, and he's on mine :haha: :salute:

[Aktungbby]

Aktung has got your six, and he's on mine :haha: :salute:

Well, that was my old sig!:O: http://www.subsim.com/radioroom/picture.php?pictureid=7067&albumid=815&dl=1382025794&thumb=1 (http://www.subsim.com/radioroom/album.php?albumid=815&pictureid=7067)On yer Six! Alles Kaput!

[Jimbuna]

The Slavery Abolition Act was in 1833 not 1807, which is what i meant..
Regarding the Q-ships, i am sure you read my treatise :03:

Aktung has got your six, and he's on mine :haha: :salute:

Fair winds Matey :salute:

[Jimbuna]

1917 Atlantic ships get destroyer escorts to stop German attacks.

1933 Nazis stage public book burnings in Germany.

1940 Winston Churchill succeeds Neville Chamberlain as British Prime Minister.

1940 British Local Defence Volunteers forms (later renamed the Home Guard).

1940 World War II: The first German bombs of the war fall on England at Chilham and Petham, in Kent.

1941 Adolf Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess parachutes into Scotland.

1960 US atomic sub USS Triton completes 1st submerged circumnavigation of the globe.

1994 Nelson Mandela sworn in as South Africa's 1st black president.

[Jimbuna]

1941 1st Messerschmidt 109F shot down above England.

1943 Hermann Goering division in Tunisia surrenders.

1960 1st contraceptive pill is made available for sale.

[Aktungbby]

1858: Minnesota, the Land of Sky Blue Waters, enters the Union as the 32nd state. Minnesota supported the Union in the Civil War and supplied large quantities of wheat to the Northern armies. Originally settled by migrants of British, German, and Irish extraction, Minnesota saw a major influx of Scandinavian immigrants during the 19th century. Minnesota’s “Twin Cities”–Minneapolis and St. Paul–grew out of Fort Snelling, the center of early U.S. settlement. HER iron ore from the the Cuyuna, the Vermilion, and the Mesabi ranges would help forge the industrial giant America. A fact not lost on China today; the reopened and expanded mines ship through the greatest port in the world: Duluth :Dhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Duluth_canal.jpg/1024px-Duluth_canal.jpgr https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Seal_of_Minnesota.svg/189px-Seal_of_Minnesota.svg.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota) A must-stop for all true Subsimmers at Austin, Minnesota:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Spam_Museum_-_Can_Central.jpg/220px-Spam_Museum_-_Can_Central.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spam_Museum_-_Can_Central.jpg) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/SpamMuseumAustinMN2006-05-20.JPG/800px-SpamMuseumAustinMN2006-05-20.JPG Refreshments R on me of course! http://twinstrivia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Hamms-bear2.jpg

[Skybird]

Did you know the Z3 is not the latest sports car by BMW...?

In Berlin they are celebrating today Konrad Zuse's completion of the Z3 75 years ago. In 1941, this machine represented what today is acknowledge to be the first digital Turing machine there ever has been, a machine the size of a house and with an inner life looking like a refrigerator.

Zuse's son today said on regional Berlin TV station RBB he has calculated how many Z3s it would take to calculate the change from one page to the next on a modern smart phone via finger tip's wiping. The answer is a whopping "around 20 thousand Z3s".

And they are celebrating that machine...? :88)

:woot:

The Nazis used it for calculating wing fluttering in aircraft design. The installation was destroyed during an Allied bombing raid just two years later.

Without it we would not be here and talking/typing as if sitting at the same table.

[Catfish]

Re english "Q-Ships" vs. german auxiliary cruisers ("Raiders") and differences, there's a lot of interesting stuff to find about e.g. The "Möwe" or Felix Graf Luckner, on the 'net.
Ripping yarn: https://www.youtube.com/watchv=8Vpl8Hz1RDo&feature=share

[Jimbuna]

Re english "Q-Ships" vs. german auxiliary cruisers ("Raiders") and differences, there's a lot of interesting stuff to find about e.g. The "Möwe" or Felix Graf Luckner, on the 'net.
Ripping yarn: https://www.youtube.com/watchv=8Vpl8Hz1RDo&feature=share

404 Not Found

This page isn't available. Sorry about that.
Try searching for something else.

[Jimbuna]

1937 Coronation of King George VI of Great Britain (and his other realms and territories beyond the sea) at Westminster Abbey.

1940 Nazi blitzkrieg conquest of France began by crossing Muese River.

1942 1,500 Jews gassed in Auschwitz.

1975 US merchant ship Mayaguez seized by Cambodian forces.

1984 South African prisoner Nelson Mandela sees his wife for 1st time in 22 years.

2002 Former US President Jimmy Carter arrives in Cuba for a five-day visit with Fidel Castro becoming first President of the United States, in or out of office, to visit the island since Castro's 1959 revolution.

[Aktungbby]

Re english "Q-Ships" vs. german auxiliary cruisers ("Raiders") and differences, there's a lot of interesting stuff to find about e.g. The "Möwe" or Felix Graf Luckner, on the 'net.
Ripping yarn: https://www.youtube.com/watchv=8Vpl8Hz1RDo&feature=share

404 Not Found

YUP bad link there; this'll tide U over:O: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_von_Luckner (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_von_Luckner) RULE one: Never turn a Freemason loose on the seas in three masted windjammer:arrgh!: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/SMSSeeadlerFront.PNG/800px-SMSSeeadlerFront.PNG Not to be outdone by Nikolaus zu Dohna-Schlodien and the SMS Möwe https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_M%C3%B6we (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_M%C3%B6we)https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/2008_11_06_M%C3%B6we_Modell_DSCI0122_S_k.JPG 58 vessels including a battle ship, HMS King Edward VII (mine)https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HMS_King_Edward_VII_%281903%29_in_early_1907.jpg/300px-HMS_King_Edward_VII_%281903%29_in_early_1907.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_King_Edward_VII_(1903)_in_early_1907.jpg) between the two of them!:salute:

[Catfish]

404 Not Found

Strange.. the titel of the film is: "Audacity & Gold Bars - The First Voyage Of The SMS Möve I THE GREAT WAR Special", and i found it here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Vpl8Hz1RDo
Does it work now?

film records of the "Moewe"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qkiz5S97024


About Wolf and Woelfchen, another raider and its aircraft:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7MGitWsDoWM

[Aktungbby]

^ ALL GOOD!:Kaleun_Party:

[Jimbuna]

Does it work now?



Yep, working now and quite an interesting/gallant career (many of the details I did not know until watching the above).

Rather interestingly (to a Brit anyway) I notice she was more or less bottled up (taken out of service) like many other ships in the Kreigsmarine of the day and suffered a similar fate, albeit in the next great war.

On her return Möwe was taken out of service as a raider, being reckoned too valuable as a propaganda tool to be risked again. She served in the Baltic as a submarine tender, before becoming the auxiliary minelayer Ostsee in 1918. After the Treaty of Versailles, she went to Britain, to be operated by Elders and Fyffes as the freighter Greenbrier. In 1933 she was sold to a German shipping company. As the freighter Oldenburg, served between Germany and occupied Norway in World War II.

On 7 April 1945 she was attacked by Bristol Beaufighters of Coastal Command on anti-shipping missions while sheltering off the coast of Norway—near the village of Vadheim in Sogn og Fjordane county. Holed by their rockets and strafed by cannon fire she burned and sank.

[Jimbuna]

1787 Arthur Phillip sets sails with 11 ships of criminals to Botany Bay, Australia.

1913 1st four-engined aircraft built and flown (Igor Sikorsky, Russia).

1940 Winston Churchill says I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears & sweat.

1946 US sentences 58 camp guards of Mauthausen concentration camp to death.

2014 Christopher Columbus's flagship, the Santa María, is discovered off the northern coast of Haiti.

[Aktungbby]

1985: a standoff ended when a Philadelphia police helicopter dropped two bombs on their compound, which was a rowhouse in the middle of Osage Avenue. This killed eleven MOVE members, including founder John Africa and five children. Fire destroyed 65 houses and prompted widespread news coverage. As of May 2016, it is the only domestic aerial bombing conducted by police in the United States. 13 died in the resulting fire and more than 250 people were left homeless. Apparently it ain't over yet in the city of 'brotherly love'; In 1996 a federal jury ordered the city to pay a $1.5 million civil suit judgment to survivor Ramona Africa and relatives of two people killed in the bombing. The jury had found that the city used excessive force and violated the members' constitutional protections against unreasonable search an seizure. http://ioneglobalgrind.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/move3.jpg?w=850&h=693:timeout: http://www.fantompowa.net/Flame/hougland_move_massacre.htm (http://www.fantompowa.net/Flame/hougland_move_massacre.htm)

[Jimbuna]

1607 1st permanent English settlement in New World, Jamestown, Va.

1939 Lina Medina becomes the world's youngest confirmed mother in medical history at the age of five.

1943 Sinking of the Australian Hospital Ship Centaur off the coast of Queensland, by a Japanese submarine.

1944 Gen Rommel, Speidel & von Stulpnagel attempt to assassinate Hitler.

[Jimbuna]

1940 German armoured division moves into Northern France.

1940 USS Sailfish (SS-192) recomisioned, origionaly the Squalus.

1941 1st British turbojet flies.

1943 Halifax bombers sinks U-463.

1943 Warsaw ghetto uprising ends in its destruction.

1944 14,000 Jews of Munkacs, Hungary, deported to Auschwitz.

1944 Eisenhower, Montgomery, Churchill & George VI discuss D-Day plan.

[Aktungbby]

1940 USS Sailfish (SS-192) recomisioned, origionaly the Squalus.

SOME IRONY HERE:

Squalus [launched in 1938] was raised in the summer of 1939, and after repair was recommissioned as U.S.S. Sailfish on 15 May 1940, the name change reportedly at the suggestion of President Roosevelt. Lieutenant Commander Morton C. Mumma, jr commanded the recommissioned boat through the end of her first war patrol. Sailors generally consider renaming a ship to be bad luck, [During the Pacific War (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War), the captain of the renamed ship issued standing orders if any man on the boat said the word "Squalus", he was to be marooned at the next port of call. This led to crew members referring to their vessel as "Squailfish". That went over almost as well; a court martial (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_martial) was threatened for anyone heard using it.] :yep: but Sailfish—sometimes, despite the objections of her subsequent commanding officers, called “Squalfish”—survived the war with a total bag of 40,000 tons, eventually being scrapped in 1948. In an ironic turn of fate, Sailfish sank the Japanese aircraft carrier Chuyo, which had been carrying half of the surviving crew members from Sculpin, which had located Squalus in 1939. Only one of those being transported by Chuyo survived and, along with the other survivors, spent the remainder of the war as slave laborers in Japan.
One result of the Squalus sinking was redesigning the diving controls, so that the main induction and negative tank flood levers could be easily distinquished by touch even in total darkness. Though unconfirmed, one theory was that the vent operator had accidently opened the induction when he attempted to close the negative flood valve, which is located next to it.
U.S.S. Sailfish off Mare Island, VALLEJO on 13 April 1943 in the Carquinez Strait. This image shows her with her bridge modified to reduce her surface silhouette and add a forward anti-aircraft position.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/USS_Sailfish%3B0819202.jpgOddly enough her target the escort carrier Chūyō was also a reconditioned vessel of sorts https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ch%C5%ABy%C5%8D.jpg/300px-Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ch%C5%ABy%C5%8D.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ch%C5%ABy%C5%8D.jpg )and had been adapted/converted from the Nitta Maru, a 1938 Mitsubishi built passenger ship.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nitta-maru_1940.jpg/220px-Nitta-maru_1940.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nitta-maru_1940.jpg) photos enlarge https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chuyo4Dec1943.jpg/220px-Chuyo4Dec1943.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chuyo4Dec1943.jpg) <The detonation blew off her bow and caused the forward part of the flight deck to collapse. To reduce pressure on the interior bulkheads, the ship's captain began steaming in reverse at half speed towards Yokosuka. Nearly six hours later, she was again torpedoed by Sailfish at 05:55, this time twice in the port engine room, . The hits disabled her engines and Maya and one destroyer came alongside to render assistance. Sailfish attacked again at 08:42 and hit the carrier with one or two torpedoes on the port side. The hits caused massive flooding and Chūyō capsized very quickly to port six minutes later. There were very few survivors because of the speed at which she sank. Only 161 crewmen and passengers were saved, including one American POW. wiki

[Eichhörnchen]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chastise

http://i.imgur.com/vBqxopv.jpg

[Jimbuna]

1941 Last great German air attack on Great Britain (Birmingham).

1943 Operation Chastise: No. 617 Squadron RAF begins the famous Dambusters Raid, bombing the Möhne and Eder dams in the Ruhr valley with bouncing bombs.

1944 1st of 180,000+ Hungarian Jews reach Auschwitz.

1957 US launches its 3rd atomic submarine, USS Skate, at Groton Conn.

1986 Bobby Ewing (Patrick Duffy) comes back from dead on Dallas.

[Jimbuna]

1944 General Eisenhower sets D-Day for June 5th.

1961 Castro offers to exchange Bay of Pigs prisoners for 500 bulldozers.

1987 USS Stark hit by Iraqi missiles, 37 sailors die.

[Catfish]

.
.
.
1957 US launches its 3rd atomic submarine, USS Skate, at Groton Conn.

1986 Bobby Ewing (Patrick Duffy) comes back from dead on Dallas.


:haha: Major worldwide event, even worse than WW1 and 2 combined

[Jimbuna]

1804 Napoleon Bonaparte proclaimed Emperor of France by the French Senate.

1917 US Congress passes Selective Service Act, authorizing the federal government to raise a national army for the American entry into World War I through compulsory enlistment. First units of the American Expeditionary Force, commanded by General John J. Pershing, is ordered to France.

1944 Polish 2nd Army corps captures convent of Monte Cassino, Italy.

1974 India becomes 6th nation to explode an atomic bomb.

[Aktungbby]

1980: 08:32 David Johnson, volcanologist, immortalizes himself with last radio transmission...from the slopes near Mt. St. Helens! https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/St_Helens_before_1980_eruption_horizon_fixed.jpg/220px-St_Helens_before_1980_eruption_horizon_fixed.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Helens_before_1980_eruption_horizon_fixed. jpg)<beforehttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mount_St._Helens_eruption_memorial%2C_Johnston_Rid ge.jpg/220px-Mount_St._Helens_eruption_memorial%2C_Johnston_Rid ge.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_St._Helens_eruption_memorial,_Johnston_ Ridge.jpg)<after https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/MSH80_david_johnston_at_camp_05-17-80_med.jpg/1024px-MSH80_david_johnston_at_camp_05-17-80_med.jpg<David: 13 .5 hours before the lateral blast which killed him at 6 miles distance to the north; pieces of his trailer were found in 1993 at nine miles distance. 'Though a careful analyst, Johnston strongly believed that scientists needed to take this risk for themselves in order to prevent civilian deaths, and therefore chose to take part in dangerous on-site monitoring. He and several other volcanologists prevented people from being near the volcano during the few months of pre-eruptive activity, and successfully fought pressure to re-open the area. Their work kept the death toll at a few tens of individuals, instead of the thousands who possibly could have died had the region not been closed off. Johnston supported the lateral blast theory: he believed the explosive eruption would be ejected sideways out of the volcano, not upward. He also believed that the eruption would originate from the bulge. Because of this, he was more aware than most of the threat of a north-directed eruption...'During>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/MSH80_eruption_mount_st_helens_05-18-80.jpg/800px-MSH80_eruption_mount_st_helens_05-18-80.jpgRule 1 of volcanology: U don't do "during!" (level 5 on volcanic explosivity index(VEI)...same as VesuviUs: 79 AD.)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_explosivity_index https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/VEIfigure_en.svg/270px-VEIfigure_en.svg.png (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VEIfigure_en.svg)

[Eichhörnchen]

http://i.imgur.com/jWanOQ7.jpg Death of T. E. Lawrence

[Jimbuna]

1649 England is declared a Commonwealth by an act of the Long Parliament making England a republic for the next 11 years.

1939 Churchill signs British-Russian anti-Nazi pact.

1941 New German battleship Bismarck leaves Gdynia, Poland.

1943 Berlin is declared "Judenrien" (free of Jews).

1944 240 gypsies transported to Auschwitz from Westerbork, Netherlands.

1967 USSR ratifies treaty with Britain & US banning nuclear weapons in space.

1979 "In The Navy" by Village People hits #3.

[Catfish]

OT i know the date was earlier, just saw mentioned that the nurse Edith Clavell was executed by german soldiers, and did not want to let that stand without some background info, since it has so well been used for propaganda.

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/12/edith-cavell-nurse-shot-by-germans-wwi-celebrated

https://books.google.de/books?id=u1npAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=propaganda+german+nurses+shot++germans+did+not+ for&source=bl&ots=rogasvRb0m&sig=yIprrHtbfWjgwgRGl8z2QfTQunM&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi76oPgoubMAhXIfiwKHYapDCoQ6AEIUzAG#v=on epage&q&f=false

" ... Cavell’s biographer, Diana Souhami, records that following her execution, MI5 was anxious to suppress anything that would implicate Cavell in spying.

Stella Rimington, a former head of the intelligence agency, said recently after researching Belgian archives: “Her main objective was to get hidden allied soldiers back to Britain but, contrary to the common perception of her, we have uncovered clear evidence that her organisation was involved in sending back secret intelligence to the allies.”

The intelligence included information about a German trench system, the location of munitions dumps and aircraft. Details were written in ink on strips of fabric and sewn into clothes, or hidden in shoes and boots.
Yet it remained unclear, Rimington told BBC Radio 4’s programme, The Untold Story of Edith Cavell, last month, what Cavell precisely knew about the spying network...."

When two german nurses had been killed by french soldiers for helping german prisoners to flee, the german authorities had decided not to use this for propaganda purposes.

There are so much uncommented events described and anti-german posters shown, just quoting allied war propaganda of WW1.
Sorry, please bear with me. :-?

[Aktungbby]

There are so much uncommented events described and anti-german posters shown, just quoting allied war propaganda of WW1.
Sorry, please bear with me. :-?

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Harry_R._Hopps%2C_Destroy_this_mad_brute_Enlist_-_U.S._Army%2C_03216u_edit.jpg/800px-Harry_R._Hopps%2C_Destroy_this_mad_brute_Enlist_-_U.S._Army%2C_03216u_edit.jpg my favorite:O: but I'll bear with you!...anytime!:Kaleun_Cheers:http://twinstrivia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Hamms-bear2.jpg

[Catfish]

^ Thanks :Kaleun_Cheers:

I know where they stole the idea for King Kong, so the »SS Venture« only went to Germany, not to the Pacific.

... whatever happened to Faye Wray ... :D

[Jimbuna]

1845 HMS Erebus and HMS Terror with 134 men under John Franklin sail from the River Thames in England, beginning a disastrous expedition to find the Northwest Passage. All hands are lost.

1873 Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis patent first blue jeans with copper rivets.

1918 1st electrically propelled warship (New Mexico).

1940 German General Guderian's tanks reach the English Channel.

1969 US troops capture Hill 937/Hamburger Hill Vietnam.

1991 Soviet parliament approves law allowing citizens to travel abroad.

[Jimbuna]

1904 Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) forms in Paris.

1927 Aviator Charles Lindbergh, in the Spirit of St Louis, lands in Paris after the first solo air crossing of Atlantic.

1932 1st transatlantic solo flight by a woman (Amelia Earhart) lands in Ireland.

2004 Stanislav Petrov awarded World Citizen Award for averting a potential nuclear war in 1983 after correctly guessing Russian early warning system at fault.

1941 SS Robin Moore is first US ship sunk by a U-boat.

1945 Nazi SS-Reichsfuehrer Heinrich Himmler captured.

[Aktungbby]

2004 Stanislav Petrov awarded World Citizen Award for averting a potential nuclear war in 1983 after correctly guessing Russian early warning system at fault.


Of some interest:
Had Petrov reported incoming American missiles, his superiors might have launched an assault against the United States, precipitating a corresponding nuclear response from the United States. Petrov declared the system's indication a false alarm. Later, it was apparent that he was right: no missiles were approaching and the computer detection system was malfunctioning. It was subsequently determined that the false alarm had been created by a rare alignment of sunlight on high-altitude clouds and the satellites' Molniya orbits (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molniya_orbit), an error later corrected by cross-referencing a geostationary satellite.
Petrov later indicated that the influences on his decision included: that he was informed a U.S. strike would be all-out (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_strike), so five missiles seemed an illogical start; that the launch detection system was new and, in his view, not yet wholly trustworthy; and that ground radar failed to pick up corroborative evidence, even after minutes of delay. However, in a 2013 interview, Petrov said at the time he was never sure that the alarm was erroneous. He felt that his civilian training helped him make the right decision. His colleagues were all professional soldiers with purely military training and, following instructions, would have reported a missile strike if they had been on his shift

Petrov applied solid logic: a philosophy unit formula course I took in college; argument 'p' gets you to 'q' and thence to conclusion 'r' etc. (I got a gentleman's 'c':damn::smug:) Only five inbound....not 'allout' ...new system...not a military mindset at the helm...save the world or at least half of it!:rock: Additionally: For his actions in averting a potential nuclear war in 1983, Petrov was awarded the Dresden Preis 2013 (Dresden Prize) in Dresden (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden), Germany, on February 17, 2013. The award included €25,000 ($32,000; £21,000). On February 24, 2012, he was honored with the 2011 German Media Award, presented to him at a ceremony in Baden-Baden (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-Baden), Germany. For such tight reasoning with only 3-5 minutes to decide the fate of the planet...they didn't pay him enough imho!

[Jimbuna]

1840 The transporting of British convicts to the New South Wales colony is abolished.

1915 Local train collides with troop train killing 226 (Gretna, Scotland).

1939 Adolf Hitler & Benito Mussolini sign "Pact of Steel"

1947 1st US ballistic missile fired.

1973 President Nixon confesses his role in Watergate cover-up.

[Jimbuna]

1939 Submarine USS Squalus sinks in the Gulf of Maine, drowning 26, 33 remaining crew rescued from a depth of 243 ft (74 m) by divers using newly developed heliox air systems (divers later awarded the Medal of Honor).

1940 1st great dogfight between Spitfires and Luftwaffe.

1945 British military police arrest Admiral Karl Doenitz.

1945 Heinrich Himmler, German Nazi leader & Gestapo leader, commits suicide in prison at 44.

1945 Lord Haw-Haw (William Joyce) arrested at Danish boundary.

[Aktungbby]

1607 – Captain Christopher Newport and 105 followers founded the colony of Jamestown on the mouth of the James River in Virginia. They had left England with 144 members, 39 died on the way over. The colony was near the large Indian village of Werowocomoco, home of Pocahontas, the daughter Powhatan, an Algonquin chief. In 2003 archeologists believed that they had found the site of the village. The water immediately adjacent to the land was deep enough to permit the colonists to anchor their ships yet have an easy and quick departure if necessary. An additional benefit of the site was that the land was not occupied by Native Americans, most of whom in the area were affiliated with the Powhatan Confederacy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan_Confederacy). Chief Powhatan was the chief of the local Indians. Despite the immediate area of Jamestown being uninhabited, the settlers were attacked, less than a fortnight after their arrival on 14 May, by Paspahegh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paspahegh) Indians who succeeded in killing one of the settlers and wounding eleven more. By 15 June, the settlers finished the initial triangle James Fort. While half of the English party is away with Christopher Newport (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Newport) exploring upriver in Weyanoke (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyanoke,_Virginia), Appomattoc (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appomattoc), Arrohattoc (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrohattoc) and Powhatan territory, a combined force of 400 Paspahegh, Quiockahannock, Weyanoke, Appomattoc and Chiskiack assault the fort. They withdraw upon receiving English gunfire; at least 3 Indians and 1 colonist are killed, with several wounded on both sides. Indian raiding and harassment continues for a week or two as the English hasten to complete their fort. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paspahegh (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paspahegh)https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jamestownzuniga.jpg/220px-Jamestownzuniga.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jamestownzuniga.jpg)Obviously off to good start; and the beginning of traditional relations 'twixt European and Native Americans.:nope: Powhaten, Pocahontas and Paspahegh? :hmmm: Within 4 years:>
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Paspahegh_-_historical_marker%2C_Oct._2014.jpg/800px-Paspahegh_-_historical_marker%2C_Oct._2014.jpg

[Jimbuna]

1941 German battleship Bismarck sinks the British battle cruiser HMS Hood; 1,416 die, 3 survive.

1943 U-441 shoots Sunderland seaplane down over Gulf of Biskaje.

[Jimbuna]

1659 Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England. Many pubs in England have since been called "Tumbeldown Dick" in his memory.

1900 Eyre M Shaw, 78, becomes oldest gold medalist in Olympics.

1915 2nd Battle of Ypres ends with 105,000 casualties.

[Jimbuna]

1941 Aircraft from HMS Ark Royal sights German battleship Bismarck.

1942 Belgium Jews are required by Nazis to wear a Jewish star.

1946 Patent filed in US for H-Bomb.

1972 US President Richard Nixon & Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev sign SALT accord.

1982 British ship Atlantic Conveyor carrying Chinook helicopters & destroyer HMS Coventry were hit in Falkland war: 39 crew members died.

[Jimbuna]

1679 Habeaus Corpus Act (strengthening person's right to challenge unlawful arrest & imprisonment) passes in England.

1940 British and Allied forces begin the evacuation of Dunkirk (Operation Dynamo) during WWII.

1940 World War II: In the Le Paradis massacre, 97 soldiers from a Royal Norfolk Regiment unit are shot after surrendering to German troops.

1941 German battleship Bismarck sunk by British naval force.

1958 Maiden flight of the F-4 Phantom II.

[Aktungbby]

The upcoming Memorial Day: Recipients Of the Congressional Medal of Honor for actions on this date in history:
Congressional Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Taken This Day
BOIS, FRANK
Rank and organization: Quartermaster, U.S. Navy. Entered service at: Northampton, Mass. Born: 1841, Canada. Date of issue: 24 November 1916. G.O. No.: 17, 10 July 1863. Citation: Served as quartermaster on board the U.S.S. Cincinnati during the attack on the Vicksburg batteries and at the time of her sinking, 27 May 1863. Engaging the enemy in a fierce battle, the Cincinnati, amidst an incessant fire of shot and shell, continued to fire her guns to the last, though so penetrated by enemy shellfire that her fate was sealed. Conspicuously cool in making signals throughout the battle, Bois, after all the Cincinnati’s staffs had been shot away, succeeded in nailing the flag to the stump of the forestaff to enable this proud ship to go down, “with her colors nailed to the mast.”
DELAND, FREDERICK N.
Rank and organization: Private, Company B, 40th Massachusetts Infantry. Place and date: At Port Hudson, La., 27 May 1863. Entered service at: ——. Born: 25 December 1843, Sheffield, Mass. Date of issue: 22 June 1896. Citation: Volunteered in response to a call and, under a heavy fire from the enemy, advanced and assisted in filling with fascines a ditch which presented a serious obstacle to the troops attempting to take the works of the enemy by assault.
DOW, HENRY
Rank and organization: Boatswain’s Mate, U.S. Navy. Born: 1840, Scotland. Accredited to: Illinois. G.O. No.: 17, 10 July 1863. Citation: Served on board the U.S.S. Cincinnati during the attack on the Vicksburg batteries and at the time of her sinking, 27 May 1863. Engaging the enemy in a fierce battle, the Cincinnati, amidst an incessant fire of shot and shell, continued to fire her guns to the last, though so penetrated by enemy shellfire that her fate was sealed. Serving courageously throughout this action, Dow carried out his duties to the end on this proud ship that went down with “her colors nailed to the mast.”
HAMILTON, THOMAS W.
Rank and organization: Quartermaster, U.S. Navy. Born: 1833, Scotland. Accredited to: Massachusetts. G.O. No.: 17, 10 July 1863. Citation: Serving as quartermaster on board the U.S.S. Cincinnati during the attack on the Vicksburg batteries and at the time of her sinking, 27 May 1863. Engaging the enemy in a fierce battle, the Cincinnati, amidst an incessant fire of shot and shell, continued to fire her guns to the last although so penetrated by enemy shell fire that her fate was sealed. Conspicuously gallant during this action, Hamilton, severely wounded at the wheel, returned to his post and had to be sent below, to hear the incessant roar of guns as the gallant ship went down, “her colors nailed to the mast.”
JENKINS, THOMAS
Rank and organization: Seaman, U.S. Navy. Biography not available. G.O. No.: 17, 10 July 1863. Citation: Served on board the U.S.S. Cincinnati during the attack on the Vicksburg batteries and at the time of her sinking, 27 May 1863. Engaging the enemy in a fierce battle, the Cincinnati, amidst an incessant fire of shot and shell, continued to fire her guns to the last, though so penetrated by shell fire that her fate was sealed. Serving bravely during this action, Jenkins was conspicuously cool under the fire of the enemy, never ceasing to fight until this proud ship went down, “her colors nailed to the mast.”
JOHNS, HENRY T.
Rank and organization: Private, Company C, 49th Massachusetts Infantry. Place and date: At Port Hudson, La., 27 May 1863. Entered service at: Hinsdale, Mass. Birth: ——. Date of issue. 25 November 1893. Citation: Volunteered in response to a call and took part in the movement that was made upon the enemy’s works under a heavy fire there from of a mile in advance of the general assault.
JOHNSON, FOLLETT
Rank and organization: Corporal, Company H, 60th New York Infantry. Place and date: At New Hope Church, Ga., 27 May 1864. Entered service at: ——. Birth: St. Lawrence, N.Y. Date of issue: 6 April 1892. Citation: Voluntarily exposed himself to the fire of a Confederate sharpshooter, thus drawing fire upon himself and enabling his comrade to shoot the sharpshooter.
McHUGH, MARTIN
Rank and organization: Seaman, U.S. Navy. Born: 1837, Cincinnati, Ohio. Accredited to: Ohio. G.O. No.: 17, 10 July 1863. Citation: Serving on board the U.S.S. Cincinnati during the attack on the Vicksburg batteries and at the time of her sinking, 27 May 1863. Engaging the enemy in a fierce battle, the Cincinnati amidst, an incessant fire of shot and shell, continued to fire her guns to the last, though so penetrated by shellfire that her fate was sealed. Serving bravely during this action, McHugh was conspicuously cool under the fire of the enemy, never ceasing to fire until this proud ship went down, “her colors nailed to the mast.”
PUTNAM, EDGAR P.
Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company D, 9th New York Cavalry. Place and date: At Crumps Creek, Va., 27 May 1864. Entered service at: Stockton, N.Y. Birth: Stockton, N.Y. Date of issue: 13 May 1892. Citation: With a small force on a reconnaissance drove off a strong body of the enemy, charged into another force of the enemy’s cavalry and stampeded them, taking 27 prisoners.
RUTHERFORD, JOHN T.
Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, Company L, 9th New York Cavalry. Place and date: At Yellow Tavern, Va., 11 May 1864; At Hanovertown, Va., 27 May 1864. Entered service at: Canton, N.Y. Birth:——. Date of issue: 22 March 1892. Citation: Made a successful charge at Yellow Tavern, Va., 11 May 1864, by which 90 prisoners were captured. On 27 May 1864, in a gallant dash on a superior force of the enemy and in a personal encounter, captured his opponent.
STRONG, JAMES N.
Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company C, 49th Massachusetts Infantry. Place and date: At Port Hudson, La., 27 May 1863. Entered service at: Pittsfield, Mass. Birth: ——. Date of issue: 25 November 1893. Citation: Volunteered in response to a call and took part in the movement that was made upon the enemy’s works under a heavy fire therefrom in advance of the general assault.
WARREN, FRANCIS E.
Rank and organization: Corporal, Company C, 49th Massachusetts Infantry. Place and date: At Port Hudson, La., 27 May 1863. Entered service at: Hinsdale, Mass. Birth: Hinsdale, Mass. Date of issue: 30 September 1893. Citation: Volunteered in response to a call, and took part in the movement that was made upon the enemy’s works under a heavy fire therefrom in advance of the general assault.
CUTTER, GEORGE W.
Rank and organization: Landsman, U.S. Navy. Born: 1849, Philadelphia, Pa. Accredited to: Pennsylvania. G.O. No.: 176, 9 July 1872. Citation: On board the U.S.S. Powhatan, Norfolk, Va., 27 May 1872. Jumping overboard on this date, Cutter aided in saving one of the crew of that vessel from drowning.
*FLEEK, CHARLES CLINTON
Rank and organization: Sergeant, U .S. Army, Company C, 1st Battalion, 27th Infantry, 25th Infantry Division. Place and date: Binh Duong Province, Republic of Vietnam, 27 May 1967. Entered service at: Cincinnati, Ohio. Born: 28 August 1947, Petersburg, Ky. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Sgt. Fleek distinguished himself while serving as a squad leader in Company C, during an ambush operation. Sgt. Fleek’s unit was deployed in ambush locations when a large enemy force approached the position. Suddenly, the leading enemy element, sensing the ambush, halted and started to withdraw. Reacting instantly, Sgt. Fleek opened fire and directed the effective fire of his men upon the numerically superior enemy force. During the fierce battle that followed, an enemy soldier threw a grenade into the squad position. Realizing that his men had not seen the grenade, Sgt. Fleek, although in a position to seek cover, shouted a warning to his comrades and threw himself onto the grenade, absorbing its blast. His gallant action undoubtedly saved the lives or prevented the injury of at least 8 of his fellow soldiers. Sgt. Fleek’s gallantry and willing self-sacrifice were in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit on himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.
*PHIPPS, JIMMY W.
Rank and organization: Private First Class, U.S. Marine Corps, Company B, 1st Engineer Battalion, 1st Marine Division (Rein), FMF. Place and date: Near An Hoa, Republic of Vietnam, 27 May 1969. Entered service at: Culver City, Calif. Born: 1 November 1950, Santa Monica, Calif. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a combat engineer with Company B in connection with combat operations against the enemy. Pfc. Phipps was a member of a 2-man combat engineer demolition team assigned to locate and destroy enemy artillery ordnance and concealed firing devices. After he had expended all of his explosives and blasting caps, Pfc. Phipps discovered a 175mm high explosive artillery round in a rice paddy. Suspecting that the enemy had attached the artillery round to a secondary explosive device, he warned other marines in the area to move to covered positions and prepared to destroy the round with a hand grenade. As he was attaching the hand grenade to a stake beside the artillery round, the fuse of the enemy’s secondary explosive device ignited. Realizing that his assistant and the platoon commander were both within a few meters of him and that the imminent explosion could kill all 3 men, Pfc. Phipps grasped the hand grenade to his chest and dived forward to cover the enemy’s explosive and the artillery round with his body, thereby shielding his companions from the detonation while absorbing the full and tremendous impact with his body. Pfc. Phipps’ indomitable courage, inspiring initiative, and selfless devotion to duty saved the lives of 2 marines and upheld the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country. Six men were awarded the CMH for their actions in the sinking of the USS Cincinnati: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cincinnati_(1861 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cincinnati_(1861)) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/USS_Cincinnati_1862-1865_H63211.jpg

[Jimbuna]

1588 Spanish Armada under the Duke of Medina-Sidonia departs Lisbon to invade England.

1936 Alan Turing submits "On Computable Numbers" for publication, in which he set out the theoretical basis for modern computers.

[Jimbuna]

1935 French liner Normandie begins its maiden voyage, arrived in NYC on June 3rd.

1953 Edmund Hillary (NZ) and Tenzing Norgay (Nepal) are first to reach the summit of Mount Everest as part of a British Expedition.

[Jimbuna]

1431 Hundred Years' War: in Rouen, France, 19-year-old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake by an English-dominated tribunal.

1914 The new and then largest Cunard ocean liner RMS Aquitania, 45,647 tons, sets sails on her maiden voyage from Liverpool, England to New York City.

1942 1,047 bombers bomb Cologne in RAF's raid of WW II.

1944 Transport number 75 departs with French Jews to Nazi Germany.

1959 World's 1st hovercraft (SR-N1) tested at Cowes, England.

[Eichhörnchen]

The BATTLE OF JUTLAND begins, one hundred years ago today:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland

[Jimbuna]

1836 HMS Beagle anchors in Simons Bay, Cape of Good Hope.

1911 RMS Titanic launched in Belfast.

1916 Battle of Jutland (Skagerrak): naval battle between British Grand Fleet and German High Seas Fleet: over 8,500 die in this inconclusive slaughter - although the German fleet never put to sea again. See: http://www.subsim.com/radioroom/showthread.php?p=2408382#post2408382

1916 British battle cruiser HMS Invincible explodes, killing all but 6 (Battle of Jutland).

1940 Major General Bernard Montgomery leaves Dunkirk.

1940 Premier Winston Churchill flies to Paris to meet with Marshal August Pétain who announces he is willing to make a seperate peace with Germany.

1941 41 U boats sunk this month (325,000 ton).

[Jimbuna]

1813 Capt John Lawrence utters Navy motto "Don't give up the ship"

1918 Canadian ace Billy Bishop downs 6 aircrafts over a three-day span, including German ace Paul Bilik, reclaiming his top scoring title from James McCudden.

1939 British submarine "Thetis" sinks in Liverpool Bay with all 99 aboard.

1944 Nazi occupiers make it punishable to give aid to allied pilots.

1967 Beatles release Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band in the US & goes gold.

1998 European Central Bank is founded in Brussels to define and execute the European Union's monetary policy.

[Aktungbby]

1794: the first and largest fleet action of the naval conflict between Great Britain and the 1st French Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars.

The action was the culmination of a campaign (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1794_Atlantic_campaign) that had criss-crossed the Bay of Biscay (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay) over the previous month in which both sides had captured numerous merchant ships and minor warships and had engaged in two partial, but inconclusive, fleet actions. The British Channel Fleet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Channel_Fleet) under Admiral Lord Howe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe) attempted to prevent the passage of a vital French grain (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal)convoy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy) from the United States, which was protected by the French Atlantic Fleet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy), commanded by Rear-Admiral Villaret-Joyeuse (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Thomas_Villaret_de_Joyeuse). The two forces clashed in the Atlantic Ocean, some 400 nautical miles (700 km) west of the French island of Ushant (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushant) on 1 June 1794.
During the battle, Howe defied naval convention by ordering his fleet to turn towards the French and for each of his vessels to rake (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raking_fire) and engage their immediate opponent. (This was contrary to the standard practice of pounding away with broadsides in line-of-Battle-ahead) This unexpected order was not understood by all of his captains, and as a result his attack was more piecemeal than he intended. Nevertheless, his ships inflicted a severe tactical defeat on the French fleet. In the aftermath of the battle both fleets were left shattered; in no condition for further combat, Howe and Villaret returned to their home ports. Despite losing seven of his ships of the line (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_the_line), Villaret had bought enough time for the French grain convoy to reach safety unimpeded by Howe's fleet, securing a strategic success. However, he was also forced to withdraw his battle fleet back to port, leaving the British free to conduct a campaign of blockade (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade) for the remainder of the war. In the immediate aftermath both sides claimed victory and the outcome of the battle was seized upon by the press of both nations as a demonstration of the prowess and bravery of their respective navies.
As at Jutland, 122 years later, both sides claimed victory and one side retired to remain blockaded for the rest of the war :hmmm:....nuthin' good goes outta style??!! https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/June_1_1794_Order_of_Battle_Map_EN.svg/1060px-June_1_1794_Order_of_Battle_Map_EN.svg.png Age of Sailing buffs will note: The British hold 'the weather gauge' ie the upwind advantage to close and engage the enemy.:rock:French poor gunnery and a preference to fire on the 'uproll' at rigging (and better prize money?) as opposed to the British preference for firing on the 'downroll' at the hull helped ADM Howe's disorganized unorthodox attack. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ozanne-Glorious_First_of_June.jpg/800px-Ozanne-Glorious_First_of_June.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June)

[Jimbuna]

1917 Canadian ace Billy Bishop undertakes a solo mission behind enemy lines, shooting down three aircrafts as they were about to take off and several more on the ground, for which he is awarded the Victoria Cross.

1953 Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in Westminster Abbey.

1989 10,000 Chinese soldiers are blocked by 100,000 citizens protecting students demonstrating for democracy in Tiananmen Square, Beijing.

[Jimbuna]

1940 Last British & French troops evacuated from Dunkirk.

1941 German occupiers stamp "J" on Jewish passports.

1944 Nazis pull out of Rome.

1989 Beginning of the Tiananmen Square Massacre as Chinese troops open fire on pro-democracy supporters in Beijing.

[Jimbuna]

1940 British complete the "miracle of Dunkirk" by evacuating 300,000 allied troops from France.

1942 Battle of Midway begins; Japan's 1st major defeat in WW II.

1944 1st British gliders touch down on French soil for D-Day.

1944 U505 becomes the first German submarine captured & boarded on high seas.

1945 US, Russia, Britain & France agree to split occupied Germany.

1989 Tiananmen Square Massacre: Chinese troops clear the square of student protesters, unofficial figures place death toll near 1,000.

[Vince82]

1942 Battle of Midway begins; Japan's 1st major defeat in WW II.


Received my midway gifts and watching the Charlton Heston movie right now. :rock::rock:

Vince82

[Jimbuna]

1916 HMS "Hampshire" sinks off Orkney, probably having struck a German mine, with the loss of 650 lives – including Lord Kitchener and his staff – and only 13 survivors.

1944 1st B-29 bombing raid; 1 plane lost due to engine failure.

1944 1st British gliders touched down on French soil for D-Day invasion.

1944 German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel goes on leave just before WWII D-Day landings by the Allies.

1944 General Eisenhower decides invasion set for June 6.

1945 USA, UK, USSR, France declare supreme authority over Germany.

[Jimbuna]

1941 1st navy vessel constructed as mine layer Terror launched.

1944 Operation Neptune, D-Day: 150,000 Allied Expeditionary Force lands in Normandy, France in WWII.

1944 German troops executed 96 prisoners by firing squad.

1944 U-955, U-970, U-629, U-373 sink in Gulf of Biskaje.

[Jimbuna]

1939 George VI & Elizabeth become the 1st king & queen of Britain to visit USA.

1942 Battle of Midway ends: Adm Nimitz wins 1st WW II naval defeat of Japan.

1944 Claus von Stauffenberg meets Hitler.

1989 For one second this morning, the time is 01:23:45, 6-7-89

[Jimbuna]

793 Vikings plunder St Cuthbert's monestary on Lindisfarne.

1940 Last British troops leave Narvik, Norway.

1967 Israel attacks USS Liberty in Mediterranean, killing 34 US crewmen.

[Aktungbby]

632 Muhammad fell ill and suffered for several days with fever, head pain, and weakness. He died, in Medina, at the age of 62 or 63, in the house of his wife Aisha. With his head resting on Aisha's lap, he asked her to dispose of his last worldly goods (seven coins), then spoke his final words. Muhammad's tomb lies within the confines of what used to be his wife Aisha (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha)'s and his house. Although frowned upon by the Saudis, favoring unmarked graves many pilgrims continue to practice a ziyarat (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziyarat)—a ritual visit—to the tomb, now under a green dome...https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Mescidi_nebevi.JPG

[Jimbuna]

1915 US President Wilson sends the second Lusitania note to Germany demanding reparations and prevention of 'recurrence of anything so obviously subversive of the principles of warfare'; Wilson refuses to recognize the 'war zone' that Germany has proclaimed around the British Isles.

1940 General Charles de Gaulle's 1st meeting with Winston Churchill.

1942 Nazis kill all inhabitants of Lidice, which had been implicated in the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, the Nazi controller of Bohemia and Moravia, and Hitler’s order was given to “teach the Czechs a final lesson of subservience and humility”.

1997 British lease on New Territories in Hong Kong expires.

[Jimbuna]

1940 German "Dutch" Q-ship Atlantis sinks Norwegian tanker.

1940 Italy declares war on France & Britain during WW II.

1940 Norway surrenders to Nazis.

1940 Canada declares war on Italy.

1944 Nazi murders in Oradour-sur-Glane, France.

1944 World War II: In Distomo, Boeotia Prefecture, Greece 218 men, women and children are massacred by German troops.

1945 US destroyer William D Porter ("Willie Dee") sunk by kamikaze.

[Jimbuna]

1940 World War II: First attack of the Italian Air force on the island of Malta.

1942 German army defeated at El-Alamein North Africa.

1943 Heinrich Himmler orders liquidation of Nazi ghettos in occupied Poland.

1987 Margaret Thatcher is 1st British Prime Minister in 160 years to win a 3rd consecutive term.

[Jimbuna]

1918 1st airplane bombing raid by an American unit, France.

1931 Al Capone is indicted on 5,000 counts of prohibition & perjury.

1942 Anne Frank gets her diary as a birthday present in Amsterdam.

1944 1st V-1 rocket assault on London.

[Jimbuna]

1917 World War I: the deadliest German air raid on London during World War I is carried out by Gotha G bombers and results in 162 deaths, including 46 children, and 432 injuries.

1920 Post Office says children could not be sent by parcel post.

1933 German Secret State Police (Gestapo - Geheime Staats Polizei) established by Hermann Goering.

1942 1st V-2 rocket launch, Peenemunde, Germany; reached 1.3 km.

1956 After 72 years, Britain gives up Suez Canal to Egyptian control.

2000 President Kim Dae Jung of South Korea meets Kim Jong-il, leader of North Korea, for the beginning of the first ever inter-Korea summit, in the northern capital of Pyongyang.

[Jimbuna]

1919 1st nonstop air crossing of Atlantic (Alcock & Brown) leaves Newfoundland.

1940 Auschwitz concentration camp opens in Nazi controlled Poland with Polish POWs (approx. 3 million would die within its walls).

1940 German U-47 sinks SS Balmoralwoodl.

1942 Anne Frank begins her diary.

1982 Argentina surrenders to Britain, ending the 74-day Falklands Islands conflict.

[Betonov]

1868, birth of Karl Landstein in Wien, Austria-Hungary.

He is noted for having distinguished the main blood groups in 1900, having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins in the blood, and having identified, with Alexander S. Wiener, the Rhesus factor, in 1937, thus enabling physicians to transfuse blood without endangering the patient′s life.
From 1908 to 1920 Landsteiner was prosector at the Wilhelminenspital in Vienna and in 1911 he was sworn in as an associate professor of pathological anatomy. During that time he discovered – in co-operation with Erwin Popper – the infectious character of poliomyelitis and isolated the polio virus.

Received a well deserved Nobel prize in 1930

1 billion lives saved :salute: and counting

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e0/Karl_Landsteiner_nobel.jpg

[Jimbuna]

1940 World War II: France surrenders to NAZI Germany, German troops occupy Paris.

1982 Riots in Argentina after Falklands/Malvinas defeat.

2015 Real estate mogul Donald Trump launches his campaign for US President.

[Jimbuna]

1815 Battle at Quatre-Bras: allies strike French.

[Aktungbby]

^ Actually the French struck the Allies...and then piecemeal chaos and one of history's 'what ifs' ensued.:03: Essentially, The Iron Duke said 'nay" to Ney??!! Fighting started late in the afternoon on 15 June when the Elba squadron, a small Polish lancer unit consisting of only 109 men and officers, tried to attack the allied forces from the direction of Frasnes. Sir John Kincaid, 95th Foot was there...making it a family affair!:woot: https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/P/184415288X.01._SY200_SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpghttp://www.napoleon-series.org/images/reviews/memoirs/kincaid.jpg(highly regarded firsthand account): http://rs738.pbsrc.com/albums/xx22/aktungbby/Kincaid_zpsz8dtwkcx.jpg~c100 <My late Mom's side of the clan of course! :up: http://www.napolun.com/mirror/napoleonistyka.atspace.com/BATTLE_OF_QUATRE_BRAS.htm (http://www.napolun.com/mirror/napoleonistyka.atspace.com/BATTLE_OF_QUATRE_BRAS.htm)

[Jimbuna]

1631 Mumtaz Mahal dies during childbirth. Her husband, Mughal emperor Shah Jahan I, then spends more than 20 years building her tomb, the Taj Mahal.

1940 France asks Germany for terms of surrender in WW II.

1940 General De Gaulle departs Bordeaux for London.

1940 Sinking of the RMS Lancastria by the Luftwaffe near Saint-Nazaire, France.

1965 1st bombing by B-52 (50 km north of Saigon).

1982 President Galtieri resigns after leading Argentina to defeat in the Falkland Islands.

[Jimbuna]

1812 War of 1812 begins as US declares war against Britain.

1815 Battle of Waterloo; Napoleon and France defeated by British forces under Wellington and Prussian troops under Blucher.

1928 American aviator Amelia Earhart becomes the 1st woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean landing at Burry Port, Wales.

1940 Winston Churchill's "this was their finest hour" speech urging perseverance during Battle of Britain delivered to British House of Commons.

1944 German submarine U-767 sunk by English Navy destroyers in the English Channel.

1945 William Joyce (Lord Haw-Haw) charged with treason.

[Aktungbby]

1812 War of 1812 begins as US declares war against Britain.

IT will end on a high note!:O: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dm4ypxpvB8 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dm4ypxpvB8) :-?

[fireftr18]

IT will end on a high note!:O: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dm4ypxpvB8 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dm4ypxpvB8) :-?

Well played sir! :Kaleun_Salute:

[Jimbuna]

1829 Robert Peel founds the London Metropolitan Police (Bobbies).

1862 Slavery outlawed in US territories.

1917 The British Royal Family, which has had strong German ties since George I, renounces its German names and titles and adopts the name of Windsor.

1944 World War II: First day of the 2 day Battle of the Philippine Sea, US naval forces defeat Japanese fleet.

[Jimbuna]

1840 Samuel Morse patents his telegraph.

1941 German U-203 fails on torpedo attack on US battleship Texas.

1942 Adolf Eichmann proclaims deportation of Dutch Jews.

1943 German round up Jews in Amsterdam.

1944 Nazis begin mass extermination of Jews at Auschwitz.

1967 Muhammad Ali convicted of refusing induction into armed services.

1991 The Bundestag (German parliament) decides to move the capital from Bonn back to Berlin.

[Aktungbby]

1782: Congress approved the Great Seal of the United States...featuring the Bald Eaglehttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/220px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg. pngBen Franklin in particular in a letter to his daughter:
For my own part I wish the Bald Eagle had not been chosen the Representative of our Country. He is a Bird of bad moral Character. He does not get his Living honestly. You may have seen him perched on some dead Tree near the River, where, too lazy to fish for himself, he watches the Labour of the Fishing Hawk; and when that diligent Bird has at length taken a Fish, and is bearing it to his Nest for the Support of his Mate and young Ones, the Bald Eagle pursues him and takes it from him.
With all this injustice, he is never in good case but like those among men who live by sharping & robbing he is generally poor and often very lousy. Besides he is a rank coward: The little King Bird not bigger than a Sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of the district. He is therefore by no means a proper emblem for the brave and honest Cincinnati of America who have driven all the King birds from our country…
“I am on this account not displeased that the Figure is not known as a Bald Eagle, but looks more like a Turkey. For the Truth the Turkey is in Comparison a much more respectable Bird, and withal a true original Native of America… He is besides, though a little vain & silly, a Bird of Courage, and would not hesitate to attack a Grenadier of the British Guards who should presume to invade his Farm Yard with a red Coat on.” http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/design/files/2013/01/new-yorker-turkey.jpg 1966: The Beatles release Yesterday and Today With the original album jacket https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/55/The_Beatles_-_Butcher_Cover.jpg the resulting outcry compels a more conventional cover: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6a/YesterdayandTodayalbumcover.jpg hastily stuck on over the butcher cover. A mint copy (the holy grail of record collecting?!!) of the Beatles’ (http://ultimateclassicrock.com/tags/the-beatles/) infamous “butcher” cover, still in the shrink wrap, has fetched a staggering $15,000 on EBay in 2013...In 2016, an original mint condition stereo copy of Yesterday and Today in shrink wrap was sold for a record (no pun intended) $125,000! A few Capitol record executives kept some of the objectionable cover albums in their personal collections and release them as the market dictates ...'scarcity creates value'??!! if not good taste !:stare: For U old time :subsim: vinyl fanatic$$: http://diffuser.fm/i-thought-i-bought-a-beatles-butcher-cover-but-i-really-bought-an-obligation/ (http://diffuser.fm/i-thought-i-bought-a-beatles-butcher-cover-but-i-really-bought-an-obligation/) PS: if anyone finds his, I expect a 10% cut!:rock:

[Jimbuna]

1854 First Victoria Cross won during bombardment of Bomarsund in the Aland Islands (Crimean War).

1919 The German Navy, feeling betrayed by the terms of the Versailles Treaty, scuttles most of its ships interned at Great Britain's Scapa Flow Naval base in the Orkney Islands.

1942 Rommel takes Tobruk in North Africa.

1982 John Hinckley found not guilty of 1981 attempted assassination of President Reagan by reason of insanity.

1992 Last day of test cricket for Ian Botham & Allan Lamb.

[Jimbuna]

1675 Royal Greenwich Observatory established in England by Charles II.

1815 2nd abdication of Napoleon (after Waterloo).

1911 King George V crowned king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, and all his realms and territories beyond the sea.

1940 France falls to Nazi Germany; armistice signed, France disarms.

1942 Japanese submarine in mouth of Columbia River, Oregon.

[Jimbuna]

1942 World War II: Germany's latest fighter, a ****e-Wulf FW190 is captured intact when it mistakenly lands at RAF Pembrey in Wales.

1943 RAF discovers Werner von Braun's V1/V2-base in Peenemunde.

1945 Last organized Japanese defiance broken (Tarakan).

[Jimbuna]

1812 Napoleon Bonaparte's forces invade Russia crossing the Neman River.

1922 Adolf Hitler begins a month long prison sentence for paramilitary operations; he rails against the 'Jewish sell-out' of Germany to the Bolsheviks.

1941 Entire Jewish male population of Gorzhdy, Lithuania, exterminated.

2012 Female athletes will be allowed to compete for Saudi Arabia at the Olympics for the first time.

[Jimbuna]

1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn: 7th Cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel (sometime Brevet Major General) George Armstrong Custer wiped out by Sioux and Cheyenne, Custer killed.

1940 Adolf Hitler views Eiffel tower & grave of Napoleon in Paris, France.

1942 British RAF staged a 1,000 bomb raid on Bremen Germany (WW II).

1943 Crematorium 3 at Birkenau is finished.

1947 1st version of Anne Frank's diary "Het Achterhuis" published in The Netherlands.

1950 Korean conflict begins; North Korea invades South Korea.

[Aktungbby]

1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn: 7th Cavalry under Lieutenant Colonel (sometime Brevet Major General) George Armstrong Custer wiped out by Sioux and Cheyenne, Custer killed.


Talk about a 'swarming attack' vs a 'standoff' attack (with the trapdoor Springfield carbine) here!:woot:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarming_(military (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarming_(military))
As ol' George found out on a hot summer afternoon Swarming requires autonomous or semi-autonomous operating agents, (3000 pissed-off Sioux, Cheyanne, Arapahoe, and Blackfeet:stare:) with strong synchronization and communications among them. Senior commanders (Crazy Horse, Gall) release resources to the swarm, but do not control them once released. If the agents are semi-autonomous, (Injuns always fought as individuals, counting coups etc:O:) there will be an on-scene commander giving general direction to the swarming agents....Sitting Bull? Poor George was so focused on the village running away, he failed to consider the village (1,500+ lodges/400 2-man temporary wikiup shelters...approx. 3000 warrior-age males) mostly dismounted warriors, coming at him in ravines/ tall grass- perfect for the overwhelming 30 minute swarming tactic...:dead: Budweiser was the big winner in the end; This 1884 Otto Becker lithograph propaganda hung in countless saloons across America...http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1108/4730578640_343b3376a3.jpg (http://www.flickr.com/photos/brookston/4730578640/)vs the 'death rides a pale lager' truth of the matter: https://arts.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/L.8.1.2016_Wilcox-src-1140x724.jpg Dwayne Wilcox (Oglala Lakota, b. 1957), Budweiser Killed More Indians than Custer, 2010. Colored pencil and ink. Courtesy of the artist

[Jimbuna]

1857 The first 62 recipients are awarded the Victoria Cross for valour in the Crimean war by Queen Victoria.

1917 1st US Expeditionary Force arrive in France during WW I.

1918 The Australian steamer Wimmera is sunk by a mine laid north of Cape Maria van Diemen in 1917 by the German raider Wolf; 26 of its 151 passengers and crew were killed.

[Jimbuna]

1743 War of the Austrian Succession: Battle of Dettingen: in Bavaria, King George II of Britain personally leads troops into battle. The last time a British monarch would command troops in the field.

1942 FBI captures 8 Nazi saboteurs from a sub off NY's Long Island.

1942 PQ-17 convoy leaves Iceland for Archangelsk.

1950 North Korean troops reach Seoul, UN asks members to aid South Korea, Harry Truman orders US Air Force & Navy into Korean conflict.

[Jimbuna]

1914 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his wife Sophie are assassinated in Sarajevo by young Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip at 10.45, the casus belli of WWI.

1919 Treaty of Versailles, ending WWI and establishing the League of Nations, is signed in France.

1934 Hitler flies to Essen (Night of Long Knives).

1941 German & Romanian soldiers kill 11,000 Jews in Kishinev.

1948 US/British airlift to West Berlin begins.

1950 North Korean forces capture Seoul, South Korea in opening phase of the Korean War.

1967 George Harrison is fined £6 for speeding.

[Aktungbby]

1942 PQ-17 convoy leaves Iceland for Archangelsk.

Any family members in that particular convoy?

[Jimbuna]

Any family members in that particular convoy?

I can't honestly answer that one without checking my fathers papers but I faintly recall he once mentioned being within hearing distance of gunfire exchange with Bismarck.

I used to think it he was a little confused and meant the gunfire exchange with Scharnhorst because he sailed in a few Russia-bound convoys.

[Aktungbby]

I can't honestly answer that one without checking my fathers papers but I faintly recall he once mentioned being within hearing distance of gunfire exchange with Bismarck.

I used to think it he was a little confused and meant the gunfire exchange with Scharnhorst because he sailed in a few Russia-bound convoys. HEy get out those papers! Some solid first-person primary source research here! Wear those new white gloves when handling documents!:yeah: While stationed in Norway, Tirpitz was also intended to be used to intercept Allied convoys to the Soviet Union, and two such missions were attempted in 1942. Tirpitz acted as a fleet in being (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_in_being), forcing the British Royal Navy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy) to retain significant naval forces in the area to contain the battleship...In September 1943, Tirpitz, along with the battleship Scharnhorst (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Scharnhorst), bombarded Allied positions on Spitzbergen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitzbergen_(island)), the only time the ship used her main battery in an offensive role https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II) reflects no convoys from March to November 1943 (cycle suspended) however the QP route, just south of Svalbard or Spitzbergen, would have been within earshot of Tirpitz, probably during Operation Zitronella-the only time Tirpitz fired in anger; a kraut operation to destroy Allied coal and weather resources on the Island at Barentsburg. Certainly, if you're within earshot and hearing a 'Bismark Class' sister ship blasting away alongside the Scharnhorst for back-up! you might not be particular about which one (of 2) is making you deaf!:hmmm: http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/images/convoy1.jpghttp://uboat.net/ops/convoys/routes.php (http://uboat.net/ops/convoys/routes.php)

[Jimbuna]

1905 In Russia, the "Potemkin" arrives at Odessa, where sailors take the bodies of dead crewman ashore; sailors join civilians in revolutionary actions of the '1905 Revolution'.

1939 Heinkel He 176 rocket plane flies for 1st time, at Peenemunde.

1940 58 U-boats (284,000 ton) sunk this month.

1941 61 U-boats (310,000 ton) sunk this month.

1942 144 U boats (700,000 ton) sunk this month.

[Jimbuna]

1916 First day of the Battle of the Somme: the British Army suffers its worst day, losing 19,240 men (WWI).

1916 Coca-Cola brings current coke formula to the market.

1937 Britain begins using 999 emergency phone number.

1944 Earl Claus von Stauffenberg promoted to colonel.

1944 Von Rundstedt against Keitel: "Signs peace, idiots!"

[Jimbuna]

1816 French frigate "Medusa" runs aground off Cap Blanc. Gross incompetence kills 150 in calm seas.

1863 Battle of Gettysburg: the largest battle ever fought on the American continent, ends in a major victory for the Union during (US Civil War).

1939 Ernst Heinkel demonstrates 800 kph (500 mph) rocket plane to Hitler.

1940 British Royal Navy sinks French fleet in Mers-el-Kebir, Algeria, to prevent Germany seizing it.

1943 Liberator bombers sinks U-628.

[Jimbuna]

1940 British destroys French battle fleet at Oran, Algeria, 1267 die.

1942 US air offensive against nazi-Germany begins.

1944 1,100 US guns fire 4th of July salute at German lines in Normandy.

1944 1st Japanese kamikaze attack, US fleet near Iwo Jima.

[Jimbuna]

1943 Battle of Kursk, USSR begins (6,000 tanks).

[Jimbuna]

1919 British R-34 lands in NY, 1st airship to cross Atlantic (108 hr).

1942 Anne Frank's family goes into hiding in After House, Amsterdam.

1943 2nd day of battle at Kursk: 25,000 German killed.

1947 The AK-47 goes into production in the Soviet Union.

[Jimbuna]

1941 Nazis execute 5,000 Jews in Kovono, Lithuania.

1943 3rd day of battle at Kursk: Germans occupy Dubrova.

1943 Erich Hartmann shoots down7 Russian aircraft at Kursk.

1943 Liberator bomber sinks U-517.

1943 U-951 sunk by depth charges, off Cape St. Vincent in the North Atlantic.

1948 6 female reservists become 1st women sworn into regular US Navy.

2005 Coordinated terrorist bomb blasts strike London's public transport system during the morning rush hour killing 52 and injuring 700.

[Jimbuna]

1943 4th day of battle at Kursk: Gen Model uses last tank reserves.

1943 British air raid sinks U-232.

[Jimbuna]

1916 1st cargo submarine to cross Atlantic arrives in US from Germany.

1917 British battleship Vanguard explodes at Scapa Flow (the result of an internal explosion of faulty cordite), killing 804.

1943 5th day of battle at Kursk: Germans occupy Verchopenje.

1943 British air raid sinks U-435.

1944 U-740 sunk by depth charges from a British Liberator aircraft.

1947 Engagement of Britain's Princess Elizabeth & Lt Philip Mountbatten.

1987 Colonel Oliver North admits to shredding Iran-Contra evidence.

[Mr Quatro]

Tom Hanks was born today 60 years ago

OJ Simpson was born today 69 years ago

[Jimbuna]

1919 US President Woodrow Wilson personally delivers Treaty of Versailles to Senate.

1940 Battle of Britain begins as German forces attack shipping convoys in the English Channel.

1942 Himmler orders sterilization of all Jewish woman in Ravensbruck Camp.

1943 6th day of battle at Kursk.

1944 German submarine U-821 sunk by RAF.

1951 Armistice talks to end Korean conflict began at Kaesong.

1985 French agents blow up Greenpeace boat Rainbow Warrior in Auckland harbour, New Zealand.

[Jimbuna]

1812 US invades Canada (Detroit frontier).

1915 German cruiser Königsberg sinks off Dar-es-Salam.

1916 Germany launches final offensive in the Battle of Verdun.

1960 "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee is first published by J. B. Lippincott & Co.

[Mr Quatro]

July 11th, 1924
Eric Liddell wins the Olympic 400 meter race in Paris after he loses his opportunity to run in the 100 meter because its heats are on a Sunday.
Authority for the date: Wikipedia.

[Jimbuna]

1918 IJN Battleship KAWACHI explodes in Bay of Tokayama, 500 killed.

1943 WWII: Battle of Prokhorovka - Russians defeat German forces in one of the largest ever tank battles.

1944 Theresienstadt Family camp disbands, with 4,000 people gassed.

1948 First jets to fly across Atlantic (6 RAF de Havilland Vampires).

[Jimbuna]

1930 1st-ever football (soccer) World Cup competition begins in Uruguay.

1942 5,000 Jews of Rovno Polish Ukraine, executed by nazis.

1942 SS shoots 1,500 Jews in Josefov Poland.

1943 Greatest tank battle in history ends with Russia's defeat of Germany at Kursk, almost 6,000 tanks take part, 2,900 lost by Germany.

1953 Battle of the Kumsong River begins - last major battle of the Korean war.

[Aktungbby]

1882: John Peters Ringohttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Johnny_Ringo.jpeg/210px-Johnny_Ringo.jpeg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johnny_Ringo.jpeg) ie Johnny Ringo, affiliated with Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Behan),https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/17/JohnnyBehan.jpg/220px-JohnnyBehan.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JohnnyBehan.jpg) Ike Clanton (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ike_Clanton),https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/IkeClanton1881.jpg/220px-IkeClanton1881.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IkeClanton1881.jpg) and Frank Stilwell (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Stilwell) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Frank_Stilwell.jpg/210px-Frank_Stilwell.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Stilwell.jpg)during 1881–1882, is found dead with a gunshot to the head.
Ringo's feet were wrapped in pieces of his undershirt, possibly to protect his feet against insects or scorpions. His revolver had one round expended and was found hanging by one finger in his hand.
His horse was found two weeks later with Ringo's boots tied to the saddle, a method commonly used in that time period to keep scorpions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpion) out of boots. The horse had gotten loose from his picket and wandered off. The coroner found that Ringo had a bullet hole in his right temple and an exit wound at the back of his head. After an inquest (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquest), the coroner ruled that his death had been caused by a single shot through the head and concluded Ringo had committed suicide (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide). Although the coroner ruled that Ringo killed himself, Wyatt Earp (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyatt_Earp)https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wyatt_Earp_portrait.png/210px-Wyatt_Earp_portrait.png (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wyatt_Earp_portrait.png) once claimed responsibility, and modern researchers have advanced several theories about who might have killed him, including Doc Holliday (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Holliday),https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/DocHolliday.jpg Michael O'Rourke (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Rourke_(gambler)), and Buckskin Frank Leslie (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Leslie)https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BuckskinFrankLeslie.jpg/220px-BuckskinFrankLeslie.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BuckskinFrankLeslie.jpg).
wiki I suspect we'll never know for sure but talk about a who's who of Old West suspects! What kills me is...how they all sorta look alike!:timeout:

[Jimbuna]

1933 NSDAP becomes only political party in Germany.

1941 6,000 Lithuanian Jews are exterminated at Viszalsyan Camp.

1945 Battleship USS South Dakota is 1st US ship to bombard Japan.

[Jimbuna]

1799 The Rosetta Stone is found in the Egyptian village of Rosetta by French Captain Pierre-François Bouchard during Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign.

1815 Napoleon surrenders to Captain Frederick Maitland of HMS Bellerophon at Rochefort after his earlier defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.

1915 The head of German propaganda in the US, Dr Heinrich Albert, loses his briefcase on a subway in New York City; an examination of its content reveals an extensive network of German espionage and subversion across the US.

[Jimbuna]

1918 A Bolshevik firing squad at Ekaterinburg, Siberia, executes Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family.

1945 1st test detonation of an atomic bomb, Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico as part of the US Manhattan Project.

1946 US court martial sentences 46 members of the SS to death (Battle of Bulge crimes) in Dachau.

[Jimbuna]

1936 Spanish generals Francisco Franco and Emilio Mola lead a right-wing uprising, starting the Spanish Civil War.

[Aktungbby]

1986: On this day, new close-up videotapes of the sunken ocean liner Titanic are released to the public. Taken on the first manned expedition to the wreck, the videotapes are stunning in their clarity and detail, showing one of the ship’s majestic grand staircases and a coral-covered chandelier swinging...What we take for granted now has continued to fascinate and make a whole lotta money! Even Telly Savalas got in on the act: 1987's Return to Titanic Live: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/43/Return_to_Titanic_Live.jpg:O: "who luvs ya BBY!??"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/RMS_Titanic_wreck_depth_to_scale.jpg/800px-RMS_Titanic_wreck_depth_to_scale.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck_of_the_RMS_Titanic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck_of_the_RMS_Titanic)

[Jimbuna]

1925 Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf (original title was the catchy "Four and a Half Years (of Struggle) Against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice").

1942 Test flight of German Messerschmitt Me-262 using only its jet engines for the first time.

2012 Kim Jong-un is officially appointed Supreme Leader of North Korea and given the rank of Marshal in the Korean People's Army.

[Jimbuna]

1843 Brunel's steamship the SS Great Britain is launched, becomes first ocean-going craft with an iron hull or screw propeller and the largest vessel afloat in the world.

1918 World War I: German armies retreat across Marne River in France.

1940 Hitler orders Great Britain to surrender.

1941 British PM Winston Churchill launched his "V for Victory" campaign.

1945 USS Cod saves 51 sailors from Dutch sub in only sub-to-sub rescue.

[Jimbuna]

1969 1st Moon Landing: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin from Apollo 11, 530 million watch live global broadcast.

[Jimbuna]

1918 U-156 shells Nauset Beach, in Orleans, Massachusetts.

1941 Himmler orders building of Majdanek concentration camp.

1969 Neil Armstrong becomes the first person to step on the Moon at 2:56:15 AM (GMT).

[Aktungbby]

1918 U-156 shells Nauset Beach, in Orleans, Massachusetts.

A handful of the shells fired by the U-boat’s U-156http://www.attackonorleans.com/uploads/2/5/6/7/25673627/3483541.jpg?156, commanded by Kapitänleutnant Richard Feldt, two deck guns struck Nauset Beach, giving the modest town of Orleans the distinction of being the first, and only, spot in the United States to receive fire from the enemy during the entire World War. Meanwhile, HS-1L flying boats and R-9 seaplanes were dispatched from the Chatham Naval Air Station and dive-bombed the enemy raider with payloads of TNT. It was the first time in history that American aviators engaged an enemy vessel in the western Atlantic.Alas Feldt and all hands were lost shortly on 25 SEP 1918 off the north sea probably by a mine. The one warship attributed to U-156 was the USS San Diego, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/USS_California_1907_LOC_npcc_32729.jpg/220px-USS_California_1907_LOC_npcc_32729.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_California_1907_LOC_npcc_32729.jpg) sunk by a mine 19SEP1918 off New York, two days previous to the Orleans Massachusetts attack. She had sunk in 28 minutes with the loss of six lives, the only major warship lost by the United States (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States) in World War I (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I).
http://www.attackonorleans.com/uploads/2/5/6/7/25673627/9897243.jpg?494http://www.attackonorleans.com/uploads/2/5/6/7/25673627/2730921_orig.jpg
There was no lack of response to this attack:yeah: http://www.attackonorleans.com/uploads/2/5/6/7/25673627/1439235953.png
Captain Phillip Eaton, the commander of the Chatham Naval Air Station. United States Coast Guard. Captain Eaton knew his station was short on planes so he decided to take matters into his own hands. Forty-five minutes after the U-156’s attack began, Captain Eaton took off in an R-9https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Curtiss_R-9L_on_hoist_of_seplane_tender_c1920.jpeg/220px-Curtiss_R-9L_on_hoist_of_seplane_tender_c1920.jpeg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curtiss_R-9L_on_hoist_of_seplane_tender_c1920.jpeg) seaplane in an effort to personally sink the German raider. http://www.attackonorleans.com/the-participants.html (http://www.attackonorleans.com/the-participants.html) Four barges sunk and a fifth damaged! http://uboat.net:8080/wwi/boats/successes/u156.html (http://uboat.net:8080/wwi/boats/successes/u156.html)

[Jimbuna]

1812 Duke of Wellington defeats French at Battle of Salamanca, Spain.

1942 Warsaw Ghetto Jews (300,000) are sent to Treblinka Extermination Camp.

2011 Norway is the victim of twin terror attacks, the first a bomb blast targeting government buildings in central Oslo, second a massacre at a youth camp on island of Utøya.

[Jimbuna]

1942 Hitler's Directive number 45: order to occupy Stalingrad.

1943 Battle of Kursk, USSR ends in German defeat (6,000 tanks).

[Jimbuna]

1941 Nazis kill entire Jewish population of Grodz, Lithuania.

1943 Operation Gomorrah begins - RAF begins bombing Hamburg (till 3rd August), creating firestorm and killing 42,600.

1944 Soviet forces liberate concentration camp Majdanek.

1945 US destroyer Underhill torpedoed West of Guam.

1950 V-2/WAC Corporal rocket launch; 1st launch from Cape Canaveral.

[Jimbuna]

1797 Horatio Nelson loses more than 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife (Spain).

1814 English engineer George Stephenson introduces the 1st steam locomotive.

1943 Benito Mussolini dismissed as Italian Premier and arrested on the authority of King Victor Emmanuel III.

1943 1st warship named after an African American launched - USS Leonard Roy Harmon, a Buckley class destroyer.

1944 1st jet fighter used in combat (Messerschmitt 262).

1944 World War II: Operation Spring - one of Canada's bloodiest days, 18,444 casualties and 5,021 killed.

[Mr Quatro]

Year of 1581
The northern provinces of the Netherlands declare their independence of Spain at the Act of Abjuration signed at the Hague. The step came because Spain had oppressed these small states with religious persecution.
Authority for the date: Stevenson, William. Story of the Reformation. Richmond: John Knox Press

[Jimbuna]

1944 The first German V-2 rocket hits Great Britain (nicknamed "gasometer").

1945 Declaration of Potsdam: US, Britain and China demand the Japanese surrender during WWII.

1945 US cruiser Indianapolis reaches Tinian with atom bomb.

1953 Fidel Castro begins rebellion, the "26th of July Movement," against Fulgenico Batista's regime in Cuba.

[Jimbuna]

1586 Sir Walter Raleigh brings first tobacco to England from Virginia.

1866 Atlantic telegraph cable successfully laid (1,686 miles long).

1944 1st British jet fighter used in combat (Gloster Meteor).

1944 Soviet Army frees Majdanek concentration camp.

1949 1st jet-propelled airliner (De Havilland Comet) flies.

[Jeff-Groves]

1916 Germans execute British seaman Captain Charles Fryatt

[Eichhörnchen]

Just been reading about this here:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fryatt

[Catfish]

^ Well let's say there are at least two opinions, international law and the Entente propaganda of the time.
Can of worms..

[Aktungbby]

http://www.harwichanddovercourt.co.uk/a-local-hero/ (http://www.harwichanddovercourt.co.uk/a-local-hero/) HE wore the wrong gold watch; (Great Eastern Railway, his employer had given him the first) the inscription on the admiralty watch did him in. Presented to Captain C. A. Fryatt by the chairman and Directors of the G.E Railway Company as a mark of their appreciation of his courage and skilful seamanship on March 2nd, 1915. as opposed to the incriminating Presented by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty to Chas. Algernon Fryatt Master of the S.S. 'Brussels' in recognition of the example set by that vessel when attacked by a German submarine on March 28th, 1915. His widow and seven kids: Olive, 18; Victoria, 16; Doris, 14; Vera, 11; Mable, 10; Charlie, 5 and Dorothy 2 did very nicely: The Great Eastern Railway awarded Fryatt’s widow a pension of £250 per annum. The Government granted her an extra £100 per annum pension on top of her entitlement. Fryatt’s insurers, the Provident Clerk’s Association, paid the £300 that Mrs Fryatt was entitled to immediately, dispensing with the usual formalities. Who rams U-boats with seven kids!

[Jeff-Groves]

He'd have been better off if he had of rammed it I think.
He just scared it away.

[Catfish]

He'd have been better off if he had of rammed it I think.
He just scared it away.

He tried to ram, but did not succeed. Of course, in that case it would have been a kind of final solution, and he would not have been accused, except when a german sailor had survived to tell the tale. Or like in the L19 - King Stephen case and the drift bottle. Or in the case when this german U-boat sank a hospital ship, and tried to remove all evidence.

Maybe not the best link but explains a lot:
http://navymuseum.co.nz/worldwar1/ships/601/

Not what is written about "Q-ships" (being illegal by international law, and a war crime), but what is written of what the Entente did with civilian merchantmen, the prize regulation and why the german (!) unrestricted U-boat war was declared for some months.
The exact orders from Mr. Churchill violating international law are also seldomly mentioned, and i will not quote them here. England led an undeclared and unrestricted total war, also with its submarines, all through the war from 1914 to 1918. No one talks about it, propaganda and martial law saw to that.

By international law of the time the action of Mr. Fryatt was the same as a franctireur or partisan, shooting at soldiers while not wearing a uniform. On the Entente side such people were "executed", on the central side they were "murdered".

I do not appreciate or like what was done to Mr Fryatt, or Ms Clavell for that matter. But then there are very few things i like, in a war. When such things happened on the other side, no one mentioned it. Same as with british colonial rule over centuries, or what happened during the Boer war.

It might look as if all this has not much to do with each other, but it has: Patriotic pieces and propaganda again and again, still perpetrated a hundred years later. As Churchill said, "History will be kind to me, for I intend to write it" and the public must never be disturbed by the truth, since it would undermine the trust in the government.
It is not a particularly british idea though..

[Jimbuna]

1940 38 U boats sinks this month (196,000 ton).

1941 U boats sink 21 allied ships this month: 94,000 ton.

1942 German SS gases 1,000 Jews in Minsk, Belorussia.

1942 U-boats sank 96 allied ships this month: 476,000 ton.

1944 Last deportation train out Mechelen departs to Auschwitz.

2007 Operation Banner, the presence of the British Army in Northern Ireland, and longest-running British Army operation ever, comes to an end.

[Jeff-Groves]

1966 - Charles Whitman takes a stockpile of guns and ammunition to the observatory platform atop a 300-foot tower at the University of Texas and proceeds to shoot 46 people, killing 14 people and wounding 31.

1943 - PT -109 is rammed and sunk. Lt. Kennedy is credited with saving his crew.

1914 - Four days after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, Germany and Russia declare war against each other, France orders a general mobilization, and the first German army units cross into Luxembourg in preparation for the German invasion of France.

1981 - MTV: Music Television goes on the air for the first time ever, with the words (spoken by one of MTV’s creators, John Lack): “Ladies and gentlemen, rock and roll.”

[Jimbuna]

1798 Battle of the Nile: British Royal Navy under Admiral Horatio Nelson further decimates the French fleet.

1934 Adolf Hitler becomes commander-in-chief of German armed forces.

1940 Clermont-Ferrand sentences Gen Charles de Gaulle to death.

1943 Sunderland seaplanes sinks U-706 & U-106.

[Jimbuna]

1914 Germany invades Belgium & declares war on France in WW I.

1934 Adolf Hitler merges the offices of German Chancellor and President, declaring himself "Führer" (leader).

1940 Seaplane Clare makes 1st British passenger flight to the US.

1943 Gen Patton slaps a US GI in hospital, accusing him of cowardice.

1944 Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp gases 4,000 gypsies.

1954 1st VTOL (Vertical Take-off & Land) flown.

[Jimbuna]

1914 WWI: Germany declares war on Belgium; Britain declares war on Germany.

1918 Adolf Hitler receives the Iron Cross first class for bravery on the recommendation of his Jewish superior, Lieutenant Hugo Gutmann.

1941 Winston Churchill departs on HMS Prince of Wales to US.

1942 1st train with Jews departs Mechelen Belgium to Auschwitz.

1943 British premier Winston Churchill travels on the Queen Mary to Canada.

1944 Anne Frank arrested in Amsterdam by German Security Police (Grüne Polizei) following a tip-off from an informer who was never identified.

[Catfish]

1914 WWI: Germany declares war on Belgium; Britain declares war on Germany.

So easy? Not quite, but that is what the masses were being told. Some hundred years later it looks a bit different.
http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/belgium_germanrequest.htm
http://www.historyextra.com/feature/first-world-war/%E2%80%9Cbritain-should-have-stayed-out-first-world-war%E2%80%9D-says-niall-ferguson

Also " ... it is important to bear in mind that the Austrians were the wronged party in 1914. The heir to their throne had been assassinated and the terrorists had been sponsored by the intelligence service of Serbia. If you change the names and dates and ask yourself how we would react today if, let’s say, the American vice president, Joe Biden, was assassinated by a terrorist organisation clearly supported by the Iranian government, you see that the German position in 1914 was not entirely unreasonable.

Really the Austrians were the ones in the right and those who lined up on the side of Serbia were essentially backing the sponsors of terrorism...."

[Mr Quatro]

August 4,1944 – The Holocaust: A tip from a Dutch informer leads the Gestapo to a sealed-off area in an Amsterdam warehouse, where they find and arrest Jewish diarist Anne Frank, her family, and four others.

August 4,1945 Paul McCarthy was born

[Aktungbby]

1918 Adolf Hitler receives the Iron Cross first class for bravery on the recommendation of his Jewish superior, Lieutenant Hugo Gutmann
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/GMann1917.jpg/220px-GMann1917.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GMann1917.jpg)
On 8 February 8,1919, Gutmann was demobilized from the German Army but still maintained on the army rolls as a reserve lieutenant. He married later that year and would go on to father two children. During the 1920s, Gutmann owned and operated an office-furniture shop in Vordere Steingasse 3 in Nuremberg.
In the fall of 1933, Gutmann applied for a veteran's war pension, which was granted (President (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany)Hindenburg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenberg) had passed several decrees protecting Jewish war veterans from the rising tide of antisemitism (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism)). In 1935, after the passing of the Nuremberg Laws (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws), Gutmann lost his German citizenship and was formally discharged from the veteran rolls of the army, but still continued to receive a pension, possibly due to Hitler's influence. ??
In 1938, Gutmann was arrested by the Gestapo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo), but released as a result of the influence of SS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS) personnel who knew his history. In 1939, Gutmann and his family left for Belgium as World War II (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) was beginning. Escaping ahead of the Gestapo from Belgium, France and Spain. In 1940 he immigrated to the United States just prior to the invasion of the Low Countries (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries). Gutman eventually settled in the city of St. Louis, Missouri (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri), where he changed his name to Henry G. Grant and went back into the furniture business.https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/find-a-grave-prod/photos/2016/110/88872782_1461197476.jpg (https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pv&GRid=88872782&PIpi=138709168) He died in 1962, in San Diego, at the age of 81 http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=grant&GSfn=henry+&GSiman=1&GScid=1960610&GRid=88872782 (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=grant&GSfn=henry+&GSiman=1&GScid=1960610&GRid=88872782)&[/URL]

Herr 'Grant" is buried at Home of Peace Cemetary. [URL="http://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/nuremberg2/nur009.html"]http://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/nuremberg2/nur009.html (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pv&GRid=88872782&PIpi=96431165)
Grant's view of America: "I can hardly describe how happy and grateful we are to live in this great and free country. People here are much more peaceful than in Europe ... Yesterday the presidential elections took place ... A real difference between Democrats and Republicans does not exist, both are primarily Americans. The president prefers his party members as secretaries of state, this is the only difference actually ... The people here want to live carefree and pleasant. Everything which shall be changed is criticized publicly. The president or a high official is criticized just the same as an ordinary man. All of this happens without spitefulness. Everybody may say what he wants and no-one takes care of the other in an obtrusive way like in Europe. Almost every worker and every other man owns an automobile and enjoys his life in a way which in Europe only the so-called high society can afford." I imagine he appreciated it more than most...:Kaleun_Salute:

[Mr Quatro]

Did you take that grave stone picture yourself?

The Home of Peace Cemetery is a small Jewish cemetery in East Oakland in the ... 4712 Fairfax Avenue, Oakland, CA

[Aktungbby]

I did not take the photo (apology for size-moderator: please reduce if possible). The name is also the Jewish cemetery located within the grounds of Mount Hope Cemetery in San Diego. http://i.imgur.com/Czo3dqs.jpg (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pis&PIcrid=1960610&PIpi=137600785&PIMode=cemetery)

[Jimbuna]

1864 US Civil War Battle of Mobile Bay won by the Union led by Rear Admiral Farragut with the cry "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!"

[Mr Quatro]

The night before the A-bombing (August 5)
From the evening of August 5, 1945, to the early morning of August 6, sirens and air-raid warnings were sounded frequently. City residents passed a fitful night. On the morning of August 6, the alarms finally stopped, the all-clear siren sounded, and that morning began like any other, with people hurrying to work and with those mobilized for demolition work heading to their assigned sites ...

to be continued tomorrow :o

[Jimbuna]

1890 At Auburn Prison in New York, murderer William Kemmler becomes first person to be executed by electric chair.

1942 Canadian destroyer HMCS Assiniboine sinks U-210.

1942 Hermann Goering proclaims occupied areas "thoroughly empty to plunder."

1944 All 1,200 Jewish death marchers from Lipcani Moldavia have died.

1944 Deportation of 70,000 Jews from Lodz Poland to Auschwitz begins.

1945 Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima by the US B-29 Superfortress "Enola Gay."

[Aktungbby]

The night before the A-bombing (August 5)
From the evening of August 5, 1945, to the early morning of August 6, sirens and air-raid warnings were sounded frequently. City residents passed a fitful night. On the morning of August 6, the alarms finally stopped, the all-clear siren sounded, and that morning began like any other, with people hurrying to work and with those mobilized for demolition work heading to their assigned sites ...

to be continued tomorrow :o



1945 Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima by the US B-29 Superfortress "Enola Gay." And so it was!

[Mr Quatro]

What a lot of people don't know is that America dropped leaflets before we dropped the A-bomb:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/truman-leaflets/

Leaflets dropped on cities in Japan warning civilians about the atomic bomb, dropped c. August 6, 1945

TO THE JAPANESE PEOPLE:
America asks that you take immediate heed of what we say on this leaflet.
We are in possession of the most destructive explosive ever devised by man. A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalent in explosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s can carry on a single mission. This awful fact is one for you to ponder and we solemnly assure you it is grimly accurate.
We have just begun to use this weapon against your homeland. If you still have any doubt, make inquiry as to what happened to Hiroshima when just one atomic bomb fell on that city.
Before using this bomb to destroy every resource of the military by which they are prolonging this useless war, we ask that you now petition the Emperor to end the war. Our president has outlined for you the thirteen consequences of an honorable surrender. We urge that you accept these consequences and begin the work of building a new, better and peace-loving Japan.
You should take steps now to cease military resistance. Otherwise, we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war.

EVACUATE YOUR CITIES.
ATTENTION JAPANESE PEOPLE.
EVACUATE YOUR CITIES.

Because your military leaders have rejected the thirteen part surrender declaration, two momentous events have occurred in the last few days.
The Soviet Union, because of this rejection on the part of the military has notified your Ambassador Sato that it has declared war on your nation. Thus, all powerful countries of the world are now at war with you.
Also, because of your leaders' refusal to accept the surrender declaration that would enable Japan to honorably end this useless war, we have employed our atomic bomb.
A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalent in explosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s could have carried on a single mission. Radio Tokyo has told you that with the first use of this weapon of total destruction, Hiroshima was virtually destroyed.
Before we use this bomb again and again to destroy every resource of the military by which they are prolonging this useless war, petition the emperor now to end the war. Our president has outlined for you the thirteen consequences of an honorable surrender. We urge that you accept these consequences and begin the work of building a new, better, and peace-loving Japan.
Act at once or we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war.

EVACUATE YOUR CITIES.
Source: Harry S. Truman Library, Miscellaneous historical document file, no. 258.




After the bombing
The atomic bombing (August 6).
8:15 A.M., August 6, 1945, Hiroshima was a picturesque, quiet city.
Then with a blinding flash and a deafening roar, a single bomb burned into to the ground.
An entire city was instantly destroyed beyond recognition.
Nearly all people and buildings within a two-kilometer radius of the hypocenter were killed or destroyed.
By the end of the year approximately 140,000 were dead or missing, nearly half of the almost 350,000 residents.

[Aktungbby]

Noting the above; there appears to be a slight discrepancy...there always is:huh:: In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, U.S. military leaders decided against a demonstration bomb, and against a special leaflet warning, in both cases because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation, and the wish to maximize psychological shock (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction). No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped. Various sources give conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb. Robert Jay Lifton (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton) writes that it was July 27, and Theodore H. McNelly that it was July 3. The USAAF history notes eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on July 27, but Hiroshima was not one of them, and there were no leaflet sorties on July 30. Leaflet sorties were undertaken on August 1 and August 4. It is very likely that Hiroshima was leafleted in late July or early August, as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped. One such leaflet lists twelve cities targeted for firebombing: Otaru (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaru), Akita (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akita,_Akita), Hachinohe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachinohe), Fukushima (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima,_Fukushima), Urawa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urawa,_Saitama), Takayama (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takayama,_Gifu), Iwakuni (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwakuni), Tottori (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottori,_Tottori), Imabari (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imabari), Yawata (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawata), Miyakonojo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyakonojo), and Saga (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga,_Saga). Hiroshima was not listed.[ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki#cite_not e-92) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Firebombing_leaflet.jpghttp://hyperallergic.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/banknote-leaflet-b.jpgThis type of leaflet was dropped on Japan, showing the names of 12 Japanese cities targeted for destruction by firebombing. The other side contained text saying "we cannot promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ..." Several days earlier, much of Japan, including Hiroshima, was showered by American forces with millions of leaflets, each containing a seemingly humanitarian plea to evacuate the citizens of twelve cities named on the leaflet’s reverse side. There are three known versions of this leaflet, designed by General Curtis LeMay, and the cities named were almost all of questionable military or economic value. Hiroshima was not among them. :hmmm: After Hiroshima, this leaflet was dropped:
America asks that you take immediate heed of what we say on this leaflet. We are in possession of the most destructive explosive ever devised by man. A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalent in explosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s can carry on a single mission. This awful fact is one for you to ponder and we solemnly assure you it is grimly accurate.
We have just begun to use this weapon against your homeland. If you still have any doubt, make inquiry as to what happened to Hiroshima when just one atomic bomb fell on that city.
Before using this bomb to destroy every resource of the military by which they are prolonging this useless war, we ask that you now petition the Emperor to end the war. Our president has outlined for you the thirteen consequences of an honorable surrender. We urge that you accept these consequences and begin the work of building a new, better and peace-loving Japan.
You should take steps now to cease military resistance. Otherwise, we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war. Also interestingly, one of the original potential bomb sites was the Japanese Emperor’s Palace, but it was scratched from the list due to its cultural significance. After all: We are the 'good guys':yeah:

[Jimbuna]

1918 6 US soldiers are surrounded by Germans in France, Alvin York is given command & shoots 20 Germans & captures 132 more.

1942 6 convicted Nazi saboteurs who landed in US executed in Washngton, DC.

1942 British Flower class corvette HMS Dianthus sinks U-379.

1945 USSR establishes a communist government in North Korea.

[Jimbuna]

1815 Napoleon Bonaparte sets sail for exile on St Helena on board British ship the Northumberland.

1898 Rudolf Diesel of Germany patents the diesel internal combustion engine.

1914 German U-15 was sunk by the British cruiser, H.M.S. Birmingham.

1945 US drops 2nd atomic bomb "Fat Man" on Japan destroys part of Nagasaki.

[Mr Quatro]

August 9th 1942
Edith Stein gassed at Auschwitz
https://www.christianhistoryinstitute.org/it-happened-today/8/9/

[Aktungbby]

August 9th 1942
Edith Stein gassed at Auschwitz
https://www.christianhistoryinstitute.org/it-happened-today/8/9/

That's Saint Edith; Pope John Paul II declared her a saint.:hmph: 1944;B-29 Bockscar drops the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 75,000 people on the whim of missed rendezvous, clouds, smoke, and Japanese fighter radio traffic.... https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bockscar_050809-F-1234P-003.jpg/1024px-Bockscar_050809-F-1234P-003.jpg <footnote: the nose art came after the mission; only the Enola Gay had nose art. VON C.: "Everything is very simple in war, but the simplest thing is difficult. These difficulties accumulate and produce a friction," ie: In war thing do not go according to plan: History's second atomic punch was a mess.
During pre-flight inspection of Bockscar, the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons (2,400 l; 530 imp gal) of fuel carried in a reserve tank. This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back, consuming still more fuel. Replacing the pump would take hours; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well, as the bomb was live. Group Commander Colonel Paul Tibbets (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tibbets) and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission.
Bockscar took off from Tinian's North Field (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Field_(Tinian)) at 03:49. The mission profile directed the B-29s to fly individually to the rendezvous point, changed because of bad weather from Iwo Jima (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwo_Jima) to Yakushima Island (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakushima,_Kagoshima), and at 17,000 feet (5,200 m) cruising altitude instead of the customary 9,000 feet (2,700 m), increasing fuel consumption. Bockscar began its climb to the 30,000 feet (9,100 m) bombing altitude a half hour before rendezvous. Before the mission, Tibbets had warned Sweeney to take no more than fifteen minutes at the rendezvous before proceeding to the target. Bockscar reached the rendezvous point and assembled with The Great Artiste, but after circling for some time, The Big Stink failed to appear. As they orbited Yakushima, the weather planes Enola Gay (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enola_Gay) and Laggin' Dragon (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laggin%27_Dragon_(B-29)) reported both Kokura and Nagasaki within the accepted parameters for the required visual attack.Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes, Sweeney continued to wait for The Big Stink, at the urging of Commander (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander)Frederick Ashworth (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Ashworth), the plane's weaponeer, who was in command of the mission.. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bockscar#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate1953720-14) After exceeding the original departure time limit by a half hour, Bockscar, accompanied by The Great Artiste, proceeded to Kokura, thirty minutes away. The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B-29s on nearby Yawata (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawata,_Kyoto) the previous day covering 70% of the area over Kokura, obscuring the aiming point. Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes, burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses of Yawata, but the bombardier was unable to drop visually. By the time of the third bomb run, Japanese anti-aircraft fire was getting close, and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Beser), who was monitoring Japanese communications, reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands. The increasingly critical fuel shortage resulted in the decision by Sweeney and Ashworth to reduce power to conserve fuel and divert to the secondary target, Nagasaki. The approach to Nagasaki twenty minutes later indicated that the heart of the city's downtown was also covered by dense cloud. Ashworth decided to bomb Nagasaki using radar, but, according to Bockscar's bombardier, Captain Kermit Beahan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Beahan), a small opening in the clouds at the end of the three-minute bomb run permitted him to identify target features. Bockscar visually dropped the Fat Man at 10:58 local time. It exploded 43 seconds later with a blast yield equivalent to 21 kilotons of TNT (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitrotoluene) at an altitude of 1,650 feet (500 m), approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) northwest of the planned aiming point, resulting in the destruction of 44% of the city. The failure to drop the Fat Man at the precise bomb aim point caused the atomic blast to be confined to the Urakami Valley (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urakami). As a consequence, a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills, but even so, the bomb was dropped over the city's industrial valley midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works in the north. An estimated 35,000 people were killed and 60,000 injured during the bombing at Nagasaki. Of those killed, 23,200-28,200 were Japanese munitions workers, 2,000 were Korean slave laborers, and 150 were Japanese soldiers..
Thank god! A clearcut military 'target of opportunity' after all! (After all! we're the goodguys:up:) Nagasaki was an exercise in keeping it simple. Bockscar, seriously fuel short, the number two engine died from fuel starvation as Bockscar began its final approach, landed at Okinawa instead of Tinian...and lo: Japan surrendered...simple. :smug: https://www.clausewitz.com/readings/OnWar1873/BK1ch07.html (https://www.clausewitz.com/readings/OnWar1873/BK1ch07.html)

[Mr Quatro]

Nagasaki was an exercise in keeping it simple. Bockscar, seriously fuel short, the number two engine died from fuel starvation as Bockscar began its final approach, landed at Okinawa instead of Tinian...and lo: Japan surrendered...[I]simple. :smug

I can just see all of those US Marine angels were clapping when she landed too :yep:

[Aktungbby]

I can just see all of those US Marine angels were clapping when she landed too :yep:

NOPE! SInce the Bockscar: After circling for twenty minutes before opting to land without radio firing distress flares ...touching the runway hard, ,the heavy B-29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B-24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control. The B-29's reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately, and with both pilots standing on the brakes, Bockscar made a swerving 90-degree turn (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_loop_(aviation)) at the end of the runway to avoid running off the runway. I rather imagine they were bookin' it for the dugout trenches not knowing what was aboard the unknown bomber or the parked Liberators.:k_confused:

[Jimbuna]

1914 German battle cruiser Goeben reaches Dardanellen/Turkey joins Germany.

1943 Dutch submarine attacks Hertenbeest Island, NW Bali.

1943 US General George Patton calls injured soldier "cowardly".

1945 Japan announces willingness to surrender to Allies provided status of Emperor Hirohito remained unchanged.

[Jimbuna]

1940 38 German aircraft shot down over England.

1940 German air raid on British ports Portland and Weymouth.

1942 - Sept 30] SS begins exterminating 3,500 Jews in Zelov Lodz Poland.

1942 999 Jews are taken from Mechelen transit camp in Belgium.

1942 British aircraft carrier HMS Eagle torpedoed & sinks.

1944 Klaus Barbie, Gestapo head of Lyon France leaves for Auschwitz.

1945 Allies refuse Japan's surrender offer to retain Emperor Hirohito.

[Jimbuna]

1908 Henry Ford's company builds the first Model T car.

[Jimbuna]

1932 Hitler refuses President von Hindenburg's proposal to become vice-chancellor of Germany.

1940 Hermann Goering's "Adler Tag" (Eagle day); 45-48 German aircraft shot down over Southern England (Battle of Britain).

[Sailor Steve]

45-48 German aircraft shot down over Southern England (Battle of Britain).
Along with 24 British aircraft shot down and another 47 destroyed on the ground.

[Aktungbby]

The failure of Adlertag did not deter the Luftwaffe from continuing its campaign. The assault against RAF airfields continued throughout August and into September 1940. The battles involved large numbers of aircraft and heavy losses on both sides. The Luftwaffe failed to develop any focused strategy for defeating RAF Fighter Command. At first, it attempted to destroy RAF bases, then switched to strategic bombing by day and night. It tried to achieve the destruction of several British industries at the same time, switching from bombing aircraft factories, to attacking supporting industries, import or distribution networks such as coastal ports. An attempt was even made against unrelated targets, such as destroying the morale of the British population.The failure of the Luftwaffe to identify the radar chain and distinguish RAF fighter bases from those of other RAF commands undermined its ability to destroy the British fighter defences. The Luftwaffe underestimated British radar, and they had not realised its importance in the British operational system.To the contrary, OKL believed that the radar stations would benefit the German effort by sending RAF forces into large-scale air battles for the Luftwaffe to decimate. The RAF aircraft industry supported the losses and its pilots were replaced sufficiently to limit the RAF’s decline in strength and deny the Germans victory. Conversely, the RAF were able to ensure the serviceability rates and aircrew numbers of the Luftwaffe declined in August–September.. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlertag#cite_note-117)Having failed to defeat the RAF, the Luftwaffe adopted a different and clearer strategy of strategic bombing (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing) known as The Blitz (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz). However, as with the campaign against the RAF, the types of targets differed radically and no sustained pressure was put under any one type of British target... (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlertag#cite_note-118) Disputes among the OKL staff revolved more around tactics than strategy. This method condemned the offensive over Britain to failure before it had even begun.. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlertag#cite_note-120) The end result of the air campaign against Britain in 1940 and 1941 was a decisive failure to end the war. As Hitler committed Germany to ever increasing military adventures, the Wehrmacht (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht) became increasingly overstretched and was unable to cope with a multi-front war. By 1944, the Allies were ready to launch Operation Overlord (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord), the invasion of Western Europe (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe). The Battle of Britain ensured that the Western Allies had a base from which to launch the campaign and that there would be a Western Allied presence on the battlefield to meet the Soviet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union)Red Army (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army) in central Europe at the end of the war in May 1945. One of the rules of war (possibly #1) is : "Have a good plan"!!?? Seen as 'the "war of German Expansion' from Kaiser Wilhelm's 'Germany's place in the sun' with the last sleeve- scraping the Channel Scheifflin-style to The Bavarian Corporal's three pronged eastward Lebensraum land grab at the Slavic races/Russia, Germany simply could never handle the two primary battle elements of time and space/terrain. The British Navy moving to Scapa Flow immediately at the outset of WWI alter'd the Teutonic preconceived notion of a climactic fleet action until Jutland; which was tactically indecisive but strategically crippling to Germany's quest for empire. Resorting to offset submarine commerce warfare in both WW's simply pissed of the sleeping giant, America, and contributed to political as well as military failure. Overrated technology could never overcome poor strategy; Adler Tag was thus a continuation of the concept. Shifting strategic focus, not grasping radar's vital importance and fighters with ten-minute's combat fuel over English territory (time??) restriction: all compelled disaster. Without Goering's promised air supremacy...no Operation Sea Lion! Through Ultra, it was determined that assassinating Hitler (Operation Foxley) was futile; he was helping the allies win the war. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Foxley (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Foxley)

[Catfish]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall

Roger that. Good it's over. :yep:


Regarding the battle of Britain, Len Deighton's "Fighter" is a real eye opener, and also a very good book. Trying to drive England into withdrawing their declaration of war did not work out as planned.. but it only did because England made less mistakes than Germany. I am also thinking very different of Churchill now than ten years ago.
Just of all the "winner" and architect Hugh Dowding was discharged. But the man who made it all possible was another scot, Mr. Robert Watson-Watts and his idea of a "chain home" radar. Germany just underestimated it.

On the other hand, since Hitler had no real intention to invade or fight England, this general attitude could also be found in the german air force.

[Mr Quatro]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall

However President Reagan had to make his speech first and that didn't happen till June 1987 :yep:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tear_down_this_wall!

"Tear down this wall!" is a line from a speech made by US President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961

from your link:

Contrary to popular belief the Wall's actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992

[Aktungbby]

On the other hand, since Hitler had no real intention to invade or fight England, this general attitude could also be found in the german air force.
:sign_yeah: Hitler said it best about himself: "At sea I am a coward" And his top commanders agreed with him; considering his overruling and sacking of military commanders who opposed him, on this occasion, the commanders prevailed.
Even if the Royal Navy had been neutralised, the chances of a successful amphibious invasion across the Channel were remote. The Germans had no specialised landing craft, and would have had to rely primarily on river barges (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge) to lift troops and supplies for the landing. This would have limited the quantity of artillery and tanks that could be transported and restricted operations to times of good weather. The barges were not designed for use in open sea and, even in almost perfect conditions, they would have been slow and vulnerable to attack. There were also not enough barges to transport the first invasion wave nor the following waves with their equipment. The Germans would have needed to immediately capture a port in full working order, a highly unlikely circumstance considering the strength of the British coastal defences around the southeastern harbors at that time and the likelihood the British would have demolished the docks in any port from which they had to withdraw. The British also had several contingency plans (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_World_War_II), including the use of poison gas (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfare).
The view of those who believed, regardless of a potential German victory in the air battle, that Sea Lion was still not going to succeed included a number of German General Staff members. After the war, Admiral Karl Dönitz (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz) said he believed air superiority was "not enough". Dönitz stated, "[W]e possessed neither control of the air or the sea; nor were we in any position to gain it". In his memoirs, Erich Raeder (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder), commander-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine in 1940, argued:.....the emphatic reminder that up until now the British had never thrown the full power of their fleet into action. However, a German invasion of England would be a matter of life and death for the British, and they would unhesitatingly commit their naval forces, to the last ship and the last man, into an all-out fight for survival. Our Air Force could not be counted on to guard our transports from the British Fleets, because their operations would depend on the weather, if for no other reason. It could not be expected that even for a brief period our Air Force could make up for our lack of naval supremacy.
On 13 August 1940, Alfred Jodl (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jodl), Chief of Operations in the OKW (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OKW) (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht) wrote his "Assessment of the situation arising from the views of the Army and Navy on a landing in England." His first point was that "The landing operation must under no circumstances fail. A failure could leave political consequences, which would go far beyond the military ones." He believed that the Luftwaffe could meet its essential objectives, but if the Kriegsmarine could not meet the operational requirements of the Army for an attack on a broad front with two divisions landed within four days, followed promptly by three further divisions irrespective of weather, "then I consider the landing to be an act of desperation, which would have to be risked in a desperate situation, but which we have no reason whatsoever to undertake at this moment."

The back door to attack of the Festung Europa invasion thus remained 'open' with "political consequences"...One other small fact lost to history which I have previously PM'd and posted on, is the military concept of landing craft doctrine: German 'cowardice at sea' if U will. Allied landing (specialized Higgins boats etc) assault doctrine permitted action up to a level 6 sea. German doctrine (with just barges) only conceived of a level 4 sea; The Channel is a tough place. D-day with a Scotsman's weather report and Eisenhower rolling sixes (if u will:D) Said "let's go". The Germans with a doctrine firmly adhered to level four, a fixation on the Pas De Calais, assumed and never considered otherwise that the Allies had a similar pain threshold: and having the same weather report, said 'all quiet on the western front" -Rommel, the key to the Longest day, went home to his wife's birthday. Had Eisenhower postponed the invasion, the next available date with the correct combination of tides (but without the desirable full moon) was two weeks later, from 18 to 20 June. As it happened, during this period they would have encountered a major storm lasting four days, between 19 and 22 June, that would have made the initial landings impossible. The weather actually worked to the Allied advantage. When the BBC broadcast the lines from Verlaine's poem indicating commencement of the attack-Blessent mon coeur d'une longueur monotone ("[The violins of autumn] wound my heart with monotonous languor")-the 15th Army in the Pas de Calais went on alert, but Rommel's Army Group B headquarters in Normandy did nothing. The weather was so foul that no one believed an invasion possible. Indeed, many commanders at 7th Army had already left for Brittany to participate in an exercise designed, ironically, to simulate an Allied landing in Normandy... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion) VS http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/normandy/nor-pam.htm (http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/normandy/nor-pam.htm)

[Jimbuna]

1863 Submarine "HL Hunley" arrives in Charleston on railroad cars.

1900 The Boxer Rebellion: In China, the Empress, her family and court retainers flee while foreign troops move through Peking in an attempt to quell the rebellion.

1939 13 Stukas dive into the ground during a disastrous air-practice at Neuhammer. No survivors.

1940 Heavy dogfights above England: 161 German aircraft shot down against 34 British losses.

1944 German field marshal Günther von Kluge vanishes for one day; he killed himself on 19th in the aftermath of the attempt to kill Hitler.

1945 Victory over Japan Day, the Japanese surrender and the end of WWII is announced in Japan (due to time zones 14th Aug in the Americas).

[Aktungbby]

1812: The Fort Dearborn massacre takes place near Lake Michigan on what is now 18th St. Chicago....only it wasn't a massacre. It was a single 10-15 minute battle in two wars The Pan-Indian uprising under Tecumseh and early round of the War of 1812 when British interests had made allies of the western native Americans. (British politics!??) http://www.trbimg.com/img-502ae599/turbine/ct-hist-fort-dearborn-massacre.jpg-20120814/600Led by 400 Pottawattamie warriors, the battle lasted 10 minutes. American Legion Captain Wells, a longtime veteran and Indian agent, adopted and raised by Indians, knew the Indians would attack and had painted his face black: a sign of bravery, a sign to the Pottawattamie that he knew their intentions, and as a sign that he knew he was going to die. As the evacuated garrison walked down the beach, Wells rode in advance to keep an eye on the Pottawattomie, and he was one of the first to go down when they attacked. Wells disengaged from the main battle and attempted to ride to the aid of those at the wagons. In doing so, he was brought down; according to eyewitness accounts he fought off many Native Americans before being killed, and a group of Indians immediately cut out his heart and ate it to absorb his (raw:huh:)courage...https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wells_(soldier)https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/William_Wells_%28soldier%29.jpg/220px-William_Wells_%28soldier%29.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Wells_(soldier).jpg) Ensign Ronan, also dying bravely leading 90 civilians to safety, was the first commissioned West Point Corps of Cadets graduate to die in battle. A sculpture: "Defense" mounted adjacent to the site of Fort Dearborn, centered the bas-relief (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-relief) on an unnamed junior officer who was depicted performing the role — protection of civilians — that Ronan tried to carry out in reality. Ronan Park a 3-acre park located at 3000 West Argyle Street on the Chicago River, is named in his honor.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Defense_Henry_Hering.jpg/220px-Defense_Henry_Hering.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Defense_Henry_Hering.jpg)American loss: 26 regulars, all 12 of the militia, two women and twelve children killed, with the other 28 regulars, seven women and six children taken prisoner...some would later be ransomed. Seen from the perspective of the War of 1812, and the larger conflict between Britain and France which precipitated it, this was a very small and brief battle, but it ultimately had larger consequences in the territory. Arguably, for the Native Americans, it was an example of "winning the battle but losing the war": the U.S. later pursued a policy of removing the tribes from the region ie The Northwest Territories,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png/250px-Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png) resulting in the Treaty of Chicago (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Chicago), which was marked at its culmination in 1835 by the last great Native American war dance in the then nascent city. Thereafter, the Pottawatomie and other tribes were moved further west. Fort Dearborn was rebuilt in 1816. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn) (<one of five sources:D)

[Sailor Steve]

1281: In his second attempt at invading Japan, Mongol emperor Kublai Kahn has assembled 140,000 troops aboard 4,400 ships. Earlier in the year the Japanese inflicted heavy losses on the Mongol invaders, first at Tsushima, and again at Shikano and Iki Islands. On August 15th the Mongol fleet was hit by a monster typhoon, now called Kamikaze, or Divine Wind. Most of the Chinese craft were flat-bottomed coastal boats not designed for ocean use, and around 4,000 of them were destroyed with the loss of 110,000 troops.

http://i14.photobucket.com/albums/a325/SailorSteve/kublai_khan_battle_zpssjxt7ydv.jpg (http://s14.photobucket.com/user/SailorSteve/media/kublai_khan_battle_zpssjxt7ydv.jpg.html)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan

[Jimbuna]

1819 Peterloo Massacre, Manchester, England: cavalry charges demonstrators.15 people killed and 400–700 injured.

1944 First flight of the Junkers Ju 287.

2012 Wikileaks founder, Julian Assange is granted political asylum by Ecuador.

[Jimbuna]

1940 Hitler orders total blockade of Great Britain.

1941 German raider attacks Dutch SS Kota Nopan.

1943 498 British bombers attack Peenemunde (development base for the V weapons).

1945 Korea is divided into North and South Korea along the 38th parallel.

1998 Monica Lewinsky scandal: US President Bill Clinton admits in taped testimony that he had an "improper physical relationship" with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. On the same day he admits before the nation that he "misled people" about his relationship.

[Mr Quatro]

1998 Monica Lewinsky scandal: US President Bill Clinton admits in taped testimony that he had an "improper physical relationship" with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. On the same day he admits before the nation that he "misled people" about his relationship.

There was talk in those days of making Bill Clinton president of the world after his second term in office,
but along comes Monica and dashes that hope.

I think God sent a Jewish brunette to entice Bill Clinton ...
the devil would've sent a blonde. :D

[Aktungbby]

I think God sent a Jewish brunette to entice Bill Clinton ...
the devil would've sent a blonde. :D Nope! he'd already tried a "flowery' blond! (Jennifer Flowers)http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2016/07/26/18/369BC6AE00000578-3709157-image-a-60_1469552493960.jpg and does not 'throw dice' https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/Einstein_tongue.jpg/220px-Einstein_tongue.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Einstein_tongue.jpg) or make the same mistake twice: rainbows> https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/d1/31/19/d131194d46f8c6f8bdcd20cf160af6f1.jpg http://i.imgur.com/NKsjT6z.jpg
...when a dog will do! Oy veh!:O:

[Aktungbby]

1985!: 1400 meatpackers walk off the job for a year at Austen Minnesota at the Geo A Hormel Plant in a bitter strike that lasts a year.Hormel froze wages in 1977. So by 1985, when the company demanded a 23 percent wage cut on top of that wage freeze, workers walked off the job in protest.
The strike was declared by Local P-9, but the UFCW parent union did not support it. The UFCW ultimately struck a deal with Hormel management, seized control of Local P-9, and removed the local union leaders, actions that challenged the credibility of the UFCW in the eyes of many in the larger labor movement. The strike gained national attention and led to a widely publicized boycott of Hormel products. (Thank god there was no drop in Spam supplies to create misery at:subsim:)
In the course of their struggle, the P-9ers took on Hormel, the local authorities, the courts, the press, their own national, and the National Guard. The union mobilized its members in a display of democracy not seen in the labor movement for many years. Union activists poured into Austin to participate in the pickets, demonstrations and rallies. It became a fight for the rank and file throughout the nation. Many strikers' lives became transformed. As they entered into the field of political activity, these "typical workers" became class-struggle militants, willing to face jails and bullets in their fight for social justice. They learned to look beyond their own narrow economic interests, viewing their struggle as part of an international movement of workers against all their employers.
After six months, a significant number of strikebreakers crossed the picket line, provoking a vigorous response. On January 21, 1986, Minn. Gov. Rudy Perpich called in the National Guard to protect the strikebreakers. This brought protests against the governor, and the National Guard withdrew. People were shocked that the National Guard and the State Police would haul people off to jail, would bust the windshields out of cars that were trying to block exit ramps off I-90, that they were very rough with people who were trying to commit what they considered in a very Martin Luther King-kind of way, to be a principled, civil disobedience. https://img.apmcdn.org/d6c9816a660dcc5d832ee25511e709421fef7948/uncropped/920e23-20100803-s3.jpg
http://peoplesworld.org/assets/Uploads/dragonmural.jpg
In the midst of the fray, a P-9 leader, Denny Mealy, and muralist Mike Alewitz led the workers in painting an exuberant mural on their union hall which came to symbolize the strike. The union dedicated the mural to then-imprisoned Nelson Mandela, at a time when he was still being vilified as a terrorist by Reagan's government.
After the strike ended, the national union wiped out the memory of the historic struggle by sandblasting the mural off the wall. By October of 1986 it was gone. The green dragon of capitalism featured in the mural was recreated by Alewitz in another mural commissioned in 1990 for the Southern California Library for Social Studies and Research in Los Angeles, and still exists. A song, entitled "P-9," was written by Dave Pirner of the Minneapolis band Soul Asylum. The song was included on their 1989 album "Clam Dip & Other Delights." https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlDACRwRVz0 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlDACRwRVz0)

[Jimbuna]

1940 Battle of Britain - 'The hardest day" Luftwaffe lose 69 aircraft, the RAF 68 in largest combined losses during an air battle.

1941 German concentration camp Amersfoort opens.

1943 Final convoy of Jews from Salonika, Greece, arrives at Auschwitz.

1943 Otto Skorzeny's Heinkel-111 shot down at Sardinia.

[Aktungbby]

1940 Battle of Britain - 'The hardest day" Luftwaffe lose 69 aircraft, the RAF 68 in largest combined losses during an air battle.


Funny they didn't call it KräheEssenTag:03:

[Mr Quatro]

Originally Posted by Jimbuna
1940 Battle of Britain - 'The hardest day" Luftwaffe lose 69 aircraft, the RAF 68 in largest combined losses during an air battle.

Anyone know how many pilots made it back home after that melee?

[Aktungbby]

Anyone know how many pilots made it back home after that melee? KräheEssenTag

During the 18 August 1940, Luftwaffe units flew a total of 970 sorties over Britain: some 495 by medium bombers (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_bomber), 460 by fighters and 15 by reconnaissance units. Of this total, about 170 of the bomber sorties were flown on the night of 17/18 August; the remainder were flown during the daylight hours on the 18 August. Less than half of the available (or serviceable) aircraft on the Luftflotte 2 and Luftflotte 3 order of battle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_battle) were involved in the action that day, so it was clear that the Luftwaffe was not greatly extended in providing forces for the offensive. Luftflotte 5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftflotte_5) did not take any part in the fighting, although its reconnaissance aircraft were active over England and Scotland (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland).
Altogether, the Luftwaffe lost between 69 and 71 aircraft destroyed or damaged beyond repair as a result of its operations over Britain on 18 August 1940. Of this total, 59 were lost to certain or probable action by fighters while two fell to ground fire, four to a combination of both and one collided with a British training aircraft. The remaining three crashed in German-held territory owing to technical failures. Altogether, the losses represented seven per cent of the force committed. Around 29 aircraft crashed in England. Personnel losses were 94 German crews killed, 40 captured and 25 returned with wounds. Some 27 to 31 German aircraft returned with damage.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardest_Day (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hardest_Day)

[Jimbuna]

1812 US warship Constitution defeats British warship Guerriere.

1914 German fleet bombs English coast.

1915 British liner "SS Arabic" sunk by German submarine without warning leaving Liverpool for New York; killing 44. Creates diplomatic incident.

1942 WWII: General Paulus orders German 6th Army to conquer Stalingrad.

1942 WWII: Over 4,000 Canadian and British soldiers killed, wounded or captured raiding Dieppe, France.

[Jimbuna]

1940 1st Polish squadrons fight along allies in the Battle of Britain.

1940 British PM Churchill says of Royal Air Force, "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few".

1944 Gen de Gaulle returns to France.

[Jimbuna]

1991 Conservative coup in the Soviet Union is crushed by popular resistance led by Boris Yeltsin in three days.

[Mr Quatro]

I remember that one tanks in Red Square shooting at their own palace ... what a day that was :o

[Jimbuna]

I remember that one tanks in Red Square shooting at their own palace ... what a day that was :o

Rgr that, I thought it was really surreal.

[Jimbuna]

1485 Battle of Bosworth Field - Henry Tudor's forces defeat English King Richard III during last battle in the Wars of the Roses.

1864 First Geneva Convention adopted in Geneva "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field".

1944 Adolf Hitler orders Paris to be destroyed [or 23rd].

1944 Last transport of French Jews to nazi-Germany.

1962 Failed assassination attempt on French president Charles de Gaulle.

1963 The X-15 rocket plane achieves a world record altitude of 354,200 feet (107,960 m, 67 miles).

[Aktungbby]

1485 Battle of Bosworth Field - Henry Tudor's forces defeat English King Richard III during last battle in the Wars of the Roses.

Not QUITE! While Richard III might have quit 'horsin around' ("my kingdom??!!):O: :dead: Ol' Hank VII still had to contend for primacy and in 1487, June 15 did so at the Battle of Stoke Field. Though it is often portrayed as almost a footnote to the major battles between York and Lancaster, it may have been slightly larger than Bosworth, with much heavier casualties, possibly because of the terrain which forced the two sides into close, attritional combat. In the end, though, Henry's victory was crushing. Almost all the leading Yorkists were killed in the battle.A sizeable engagement of over 20,000 troops. The Yorkists, seeking power under an imposter son of the late Duke of Clarence (Richard's #2 brother- famously drowned in the Tower's butt of Malmsey:hmph:) with professional German and Swiss mercenaries, armed with guns, were notably defeated by Lancastrian longbowmen. Unable to retreat (with the river on three sides), the German and Swiss mercenaries fought it out. ... by the end of the battle they were "filled with arrows like Ipswich:O: hedgehogs" Henry-ever the politician, forgave the imposter lad, putting him to work in the royal kitchens and pardoned all rebel Irish lords-needing their support to rule in Ireland. The principle Yorkist leaders, ie the Earl of Lincoln conveniently died fighting-sparing the need for immediate executions popular at the time.... Yorkist losses were estimated at 4000; a considerable set-to by any medieval standard. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field) http://elstonheritage.org.uk/index.php?id=23 (http://elstonheritage.org.uk/index.php?id=23)

[Jimbuna]

1799 Napoleon leaves Egypt for France en route to seize power.

1940 German Luftwaffe begins night bombing on London.

1942 Battle of Stalingrad: 600 Luftwaffe planes bomb Stalingrad (40,000 die).

1942 Last cavalry charge in history takes place at Isbushenskij, Russia; the Italian Savoia Cavalleria charges Soviet infantry

1996 Osama bin Laden issues message entitled 'A declaration of war against the Americans occupying the land of the two holy places.'

[Aktungbby]

1305: Sir William Wallace, found guilty of pissing off the Sassenach is hung, drawn, and quartered...The quarters of Wallace’s body were sent to Berwick, Newcastle upon Tyne,:huh: Stirling and Perth to show the price of treason. Wallace’s head was spiked above London Bridge. Edward (Longshanks) thought this humiliating death would be the end of the matter - that Wallace would be forgotten. He was wrong. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Braveheart_imp.jpg/220px-Braveheart_imp.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Braveheart_imp.jpg) Mel Gibson, himself a 'man of many parts':O: came along to set the record straight....exhibiting considerable but enjoyable "FREEDOM" with the facts-(and five Oscars): :03:http://www.angelfire.com/rebellion/historicalheros/historyvsbraveheart.html (http://www.angelfire.com/rebellion/historicalheros/historyvsbraveheart.html)

[Mr Quatro]

1996 Osama bin Laden issues message entitled 'A declaration of war against the Americans occupying the land of the two holy places.'

Sad figure in world history, uh? They said that the cost of training and supporting the 9/11 attacks directed by bin Laden cost less than one million dollars.

[Jimbuna]

Sad figure in world history, uh? They said that the cost of training and supporting the 9/11 attacks directed by bin Laden cost less than one million dollars.

They did get him in the end though so full credit for that.

[Jimbuna]

1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) goes into effect.

[Aktungbby]

79 AD Vesuvius goes kabluie. History's first recorded 'Plinian' eruption-Pliny the younger gave a detailed eye-witness account of it. A 5 on the VEI scale http://ete.cet.edu/gcvolcanoes_explosivity/c/?/ (http://ete.cet.edu/gcc/?/volcanoes_explosivity/) ... we know what that looks like-Pliny was exactly right: http://i.imgur.com/IIsXALA.jpghttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/mount-st-helens-seen-erupting_us_573ce3e3e4b0aee7b8e8f2f6

[Jimbuna]

1768 Captain James Cook departs from Plymouth, England, on his first voyage on board the Endeavour, bound for the Pacific Ocean.

1940 First British night bombing of Germany (Berlin).

1944 General De Gaulle walks the Champs Elysees in Paris after the liberation of the city from Nazi occupation.

[Jimbuna]

1346 Battle of Crécy, south of Calais in northern France; Edward III's English longbows defeat Philip VI's army, cannons used for first time in battle.

1922 Japanese cruiser Niitaka driven onto rocks in storm at Kamchatka, 284 killed.

1942 7,000 Jews are rounded up in Vichy-France. Transport nr 24 departs with French Jews to nazi-Germany.

1944 Charles de Gaulle marches along the Champs-Elysees, despite coming under fire.

1945 Japanese diplomats board USS Missouri to receive instructions on Japan's surrender at the end of WWII.

[Jimbuna]

1913 Lt Peter Nestrov, of Imperial Russian Air Service, performs a loop in a monoplane at Kiev (1st aerobatic maneuver in an airplane).

1939 Heinkel He-178 makes first manned flight with rocket/jet propulsion.

1939 Erich Warsitz makes first jet-propelled flight (in a Heinkel He-178).

1940 Caproni-Campini CC-2, experimental jet plane, maiden flight (Milan).

1944 200 RAF Halifax bombers attack oil installations in Hamburg.

1945 US troops land in Japan after Japanese surrender.

[Aktungbby]

1883: The Island of Krakatoa explodes with the loudest sound in recorded history. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Krakatoa_evolution_map-en.gif/220px-Krakatoa_evolution_map-en.gif (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krakatoa_evolution_map-en.gif)..unleashing huge tsunamis (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami) (killing more than 36,000 people) and destroying over two-thirds of the island. The explosion is considered to be the loudest sound ever heard in modern history, with reports of it being heard up to 3,000 miles (4,800 km) from its point of origin. The shock waves (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_wave) from the explosion were recorded on barographs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barograph) worldwide for days afterward. This was a 6 on the VEI scale, larger than Vesuvius. We know what that looks like: Mt Pinatubo 1991 also a VEI 6:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Pinatubo91_lateral_blast_plume_pinatubo_06-15-91-resized.jpg/1024px-Pinatubo91_lateral_blast_plume_pinatubo_06-15-91-resized.jpg What is compelling is: prior to Vesuvius 79 AD eruption the same volcano erupted in what is known as the the Avellino eruption (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avellino_eruption) around 1800 BC; a monster which encompassed present day Naples. A prior eruption of Krakatoa in 416 AD A sound was heard from the mountain Batuwara [now calledPulosari (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulosari), an A thundering extinct volcano in Bantam (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantam_(city)), the nearest to the Sunda Strait] which was answered by a similar noise from Kapi, lying westward of the modern Bantam [(Banten (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banten)) is the westernmost province in Java, so this seems to indicate that Krakatoa is meant]. A great glowing fire, which reached the sky, came out of the last-named mountain; the whole world was greatly shaken and violent thundering, accompanied by heavy rain and storms took place, but not only did not this heavy rain extinguish the eruption of the fire of the mountain Kapi, but augmented the fire; the noise was fearful, at last the mountain Kapi with a tremendous roar burst into pieces and sank into the deepest of the earth. The water of the sea rose and inundated the land, the country to the east of the mountain Batuwara, to the mountain Rajabasa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajabasa) [the most southerly volcano in Sumatra], was inundated by the sea; the inhabitants of the northern part of the Sunda country to the mountain Rajabasa were drowned and swept away with all property ... The water subsided but the land on which Kapi stood became sea, and Java and Sumatra were divided into two parts ie; creating the Sunda Strait??!! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakatoa (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakatoa) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Sunda_strait_map_v3.png Where Krakatoa was, the 'Son of Krakatoa' now is forming. Both Krakatoa and Vesuvius have been considerably more dangerous in the past prior to their 'recorded' eruptions...and R not done yet:hmmm: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/VEIfigure_en.svg/270px-VEIfigure_en.svg.png (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VEIfigure_en.svg)

[Rockstar]

http://cdnph.upi.com/sv/b/upi_com/UPI-6361472087486/2016/1/881c95b176c3dfa4b0353a66eac099be/UPI-Almanac-for-Saturday-Aug-27-2016.jpg

August 27th 1928, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, outlawing war as a means to settle international disputes, was signed by 15 nations in Paris.

World War II began 11 years later.

Think how worse it could have been had they not signed the treaty.

[Jimbuna]

1565 Oldest city in the US established - St Augustine Florida.

1914 Battle of Helgoland: British fleet beats German fleet, 1,100 killed.

1942 Transport nr 25 departs with French Jews to nazi-Germany.

1944 Last German troops in Marseille surrendered & Toulon cleared.

1952 German & Israeli reach accord about recovery payments.

1981 John Hinckley Jr pleads innocent in attempt to assassinate President Reagan.

[Jimbuna]

1939 Chaim Weizmann informs England that Palestine Jews will fight in WW II.

1941 German Einsatzkommando in Russia kills 1,469 Jewish children.

1943 Danish Navy scuttles its warships so as not to be taken by Germany.

1944 15,000 American troops liberating Paris march down Champs Elysees.

1945 British liberate Hong Kong from Japan.

1945 Gen MacArthur named Supreme Commander of Allied Powers in Japan.

[Jimbuna]

1146 European leaders outlaw crossbow, intending to end war for all time.

1963 Hotline communication link between Pentagon (Washington, D.C.) and the Klemlin (Moscow) installed.

[Mr Quatro]

On August 30, 1945, MacArthur landed at Atsugi Airport in Japan and proceeded to drive himself to Yokohama. Along the way, tens of thousands of Japanese soldiers lined the roads, their bayonets fixed on him. One last act of defiance—but all for naught. MacArthur would be the man who would reform Japanese society, putting it on the road to economic success.

[Jimbuna]

1939 Staged "Polish" assault on radio station in Gleiwitz.

1940 56 U-boats sunk this month (268,000 ton).

1941 23 U-boats sunk this month (80,000 ton).

1942 U-boats this month sank 108 ships (544,000 ton).

1997 Diana, Princess of Wales, dies in a car crash in a road tunnel in Paris.

[Jimbuna]

1915 The German ambassador to the US pledges again that German submarines will no longer sink liners without warning and providing safety of passengers and crew following the sinking of the British liner "Arabic"

1938 Benito Mussolini cancels civil rights of Italian Jews.

1939 Hitler orders extermination of mentally ill.

1939 The Wound Badge for Wehrmacht, SS, Kriegsmarine, and Luftwaffe soldiers is instituted. The final version of the Iron Cross was also instituted on this date.

1939 WW II starts as Germany invades Poland by attacking the Free City of Danzig.

1945 V-J Day, formal surrender of Japan aboard USS Missouri marks the end of WW II (US date, 2nd September in Japan).

[Jimbuna]

1942 German troops enter Stalingrad.

1944 During WW II, George H. W. Bush ejects from a burning plane.

1944 Holocaust diarist Anne Frank was sent to Auschwitz.

1958 U.S. Air Force C-130A-II is shot down by fighters over Yerevan, Armenia when it strays into Soviet airspace while conducting a sigint mission. All crew lost.

1987 Trial begins in Moscow for West German pilot Mathias Rust, who flew a private plane from Finland to Moscow, USSR.

[Aktungbby]

1969: Two connected computers pass data through a 15 foot cable at the University of California(LA) ...and the Internet is born!:Kaleun_Party: :Kaleun_Thumbs_Up: :Kaleun_Salute: Leonard Kleinrock' citation: ...the National Science Foundation's citation reads: UCLA became the first node of what was known as the ARPANET on Sept. 2, 1969, when Kleinrock led a team of engineers in establishing the first network connection between two computers, ushering in a new method of global communication.
The first network switch, known as an Interface Message Processor (IMP), arrived at UCLA on Labor Day weekend, 1969. The UCLA team led by Kleinrock had to connect the first host computer to the IMP. This was a challenging task, as no such connection had ever been attempted before. However, by the end of the first day, bits began moving between the UCLA computer and the IMP. By the next day, researchers had messages moving between the machines. A month later, a second node was added at the Stanford Research Institute, and on Oct. 29, 1969, the first host-to-host message was launched from UCLA. "When we sent that first message, there weren't any reporters, cameras, tape recorders or scribes to document that major event," Kleinrock said. "We knew we were creating an important new technology that we expected would be of use to a segment (:subsim: :hmmm:) of the population, but we had no idea how truly momentous an event it was." http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-s-leonard-kleinrock-to-receive-55898 (http://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/ucla-s-leonard-kleinrock-to-receive-55898)

[Jimbuna]

1189 Richard the Lionheart is crowned in Westminster. 30 Jews are massacred after the coronation - Richard ordered the perpetrators be executed.

1777 Flag of the United States flown in battle for the 1st time at Cooch's Bridge, Delaware, a skirmish during American Revolutionary War.

1783 Treaty of Paris signed in Paris ends the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and United States of America.

1826 USS Vincennes leaves NY to become 1st warship to circumnavigate globe.

1918 Allies forced Germans back across Hindenburg Line.

1939 WWII: Britain declares war on Germany after invasion of Poland. France follows 6 hours later quickly joined by Australia, New Zealand, South Africa & Canada.

1939 German submarine U-30, commanded by Oberleutnant Fritz-Julius Lemp, sinks British passenger ship SS Athenia; 117 people die, among them 28 Americans.

1940 Hitler orders invasion in England on Sept 21 (Operation Seelöwe/Sealion).

1940 US gives Britain 50 destroyers in exchange for Newfoundland base lease.

1941 1st use of Zyclon-B gas in Auschwitz (on Russian prisoners of war).

1944 68th & last transport of Dutch Jews (including Anne Frank) leaves for Auschwitz concentration camp.

1954 The German U-Boat U-505 began its move from a specially constructed dock to its final site at Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry.

[Jimbuna]

1941 US destroyer Greer fires on German submarine U-652.

1950 First helicopter rescue of American pilot behind enemy lines.

1972 US swimmer Mark Spitz becomes 1st athlete to win 7 olympic gold medals.

[Jimbuna]

1836 Sam Houston elected President of the Republic of Texas.

1914 US President Wilson orders the US Navy to make its wireless stations accessible for any transatlantic communications - even to German diplomats sending coded messages; this will lead to the interception of the Zimmermann telegram, helping to bring the US into the war.

1939 FDR declares US neutrality at start of WW II in Europe.

1939 New Zealand Prime Minister, Michael Joseph Savage declares New Zealand's support for Britain in the war with Germany; Savage famously told the nation 'Where she goes, we go. Where she stands,we stand'

[Mr Quatro]

1836 Sam Houston elected President of the Republic of Texas.


Yea! The great State of Texas born of men that had to become men in times of trouble :yep:


1939 FDR declares US neutrality at start of WW II in Europe

Boo! The mistakes that men make live on forever, even unto this day with today's enemy being taken to lightly :yep:

[Catfish]

Well it was yesterday, but still: Beryl Marham flies from England to Canada in a one-engined tiny Vega Gull:

"On 4 September 1936, she took off from Abingdon, England. After a 20-hour flight, her Vega Gull, The Messenger, suffered fuel starvation due to icing of the fuel tank vents, and she crash-landed at Baleine Cove on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada (her flight was, in all likelihood, almost identical in length to Mollison's). In spite of falling short of her goal, Markham had become the first woman to cross the Atlantic east-to-west solo, and the first person to make it from England to North America non-stop from east to west. She was celebrated as an aviation pioneer."

:salute:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryl_Markham

[Aktungbby]

^ Good that! I actually read her book, 1942's. West With the Night Her character is featured in the movie Out of Africa (what aerial photog/music! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rjzf_cWzlp8 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rjzf_cWzlp8) ) http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/11/26/article-0-16383E15000005DC-463_634x422.jpg The lady knew how to 'get around'! She also became the first licensed female racehorse trainer in Kenya; and rapidly becoming a successful and renowned figure among the racing community of Kenya. Finch Hatton began a love affair with Beryl Markham, who was working as a race-horse trainer in Nairobi and the surrounding area. This relationship inspired Markham to take up flying; later, she would become known as a pioneer flyer herself (however, Markham attributed her interest in flying to her association with famed pilot Tom Campbell Black https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Campbell_Black (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Campbell_Black)) ...Lady's choice in 'affairs' always!:k_confused:
She befriended the Danish writer Karen Blixen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Blixen) (Meryl Streep) during the years that Baroness Blixen was managing her family's coffee farm in the Ngong hills (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngong_hills) outside Nairobi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi). When Blixen's romantic connection with the hunter and pilot Denys Finch Hatton (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denys_Finch_Hatton) (Robert Redford) was winding down, Markham started her own affair with him. He invited her to tour game lands on what turned out to be his fatal flight, but Markham supposedly declined because of a premonition of her flight instructor, British pilot Tom Campbell Black (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Campbell_Black). Largely inspired by Tom Campbell Black, with whom she had a long-term affair, Markham took up flying. She worked for some time as a bush pilot (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_pilot), spotting game animals from the air and signaling their locations to safaris (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari) on the ground. She also mingled with the notorious Happy Valley set (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Valley_set).

Too bad about the substitute for Ms Markham: Finch Hatton's Gypsy Moth (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Gipsy_Moth) took off from Voi (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voi) airport, circled the airport twice, then plunged to the ground and burst into flames. Finch Hatton and his Kĩkũyũ (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%A9k%C5%A9y%C5%A9) servant Kamau were killed.

[Jimbuna]

1620 The Mayflower departs Plymouth, England with 102 Pilgrims and about 30 crew for the New World.

1917 French pilot Georges Guynemer shoots down 54th German aircraft.

1939 1st German air attack on Great Britain in WW II.

[Jimbuna]

1812 Battle at Borodino: Napoleon-Kutuzov.

1909 Eugene Lefebvre becomes first pilot to die in an airplane craft, while test piloting new French-built Wright biplane at Juvisy.

1940 German Luftwaffe blitz London for 1st of 57 consecutive nights.

1956 Bell X-2 sets Unofficial manned aircraft altitude record 126,000'+

[Aktungbby]

1533: Elizabeth Tudor was born at Greenwich Palace (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Placentia) ...I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a King of England Kinda' set the tone: "the lady was not for turning" https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg)https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Autograph_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England.svg/220px-Autograph_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England.svg.png (https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Autograph_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England.svg) and kept her headsman well employed for 45 years...this being a naval :subsim: forum: England's defeat of the Spanish Armada (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada) in 1588 associated Elizabeth with one of the greatest military victories in English history.
Elizabeth's reign is known as the Elizabethan era (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_era). :Kaleun_Salute:

[Jimbuna]

1664 Dutch surrender New Amsterdam (New York) to 300 English soldiers.

1914 HMS (formerly RMS) Oceanic, sister ship of RMS Titanic, sinks off Scotland.

1914 Private Thomas Highgate becomes the first British soldier to be executed for desertion during WW1.

1941 Entire Jewish community of Meretsch, Lithuania, is exterminated.

1944 1st V-2 rockets land in London & Antwerp.

1945 Hideki Tojo, Japanese PM during most of WW II, attempts suicide rather than face war crimes tribunal attempt fails, later he is hanged.

[Rhodes]

1966 - on Thursday, September 8:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2b/TOSopeninglogo.png
Aired for the first time!

[Jeff-Groves]

1965 - on Thursday, September 8:
A small ad in New York’s Daily Variety on this day attracted 437 young men interested in forming the world’s first "manufactured" boy band –The Monkees.

[Aktungbby]

1945 Hideki Tojo, Japanese PM during most of WW II, attempts suicide rather than face war crimes tribunal attempt fails, later he is hanged. A samurai who fails at suicide??!! Should B everyone's first clue ...he's incompetent....EDIT: perhaps everyone's 'last clue' would be more accurate. How un-Bushido! http://www.sherv.net/cm/emoticons/fighting/samurai-suicide-smiley-emoticon.gif

[Bilge_Rat]

1966 - on Thursday, September 8:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2b/TOSopeninglogo.png
Aired for the first time!

beat me to it. I actually watched the show when it was on the air in 66-69. I have been re-watching episodes on Netflix, for a 50 year old show, it has held up surprisingly well.

[Susexx]

1941 - The Siege of Leningrad, also known as the Leningrad Blockade

[fireftr18]

1965 - on Thursday, September 8:
A small ad in New York’s Daily Variety on this day attracted 437 young men interested in forming the world’s first "manufactured" boy band –The Monkees.
Were they considered a "boy band?" The roots of boy bands are The Jackson 5 and The Osmonds.
For those who don't know, The Monkees were formed for the show. They only later developed into an actual band.