This date in history

[Jimbuna]

1915 English nurse Edith Cavell sentenced to death along with 34 others by German court martial for running underground network to free Allied soldiers.

1916 The German submarine U-53 arrives off Newport, Rhode Island, and sinks 9 British merchant ships in international waters.

1935 Himmler, Hess and Heydrich inspect the concentration camp at Dachau.

1942 Last camouflaged German raider Komet leaves Flushing (Netherlands)

1942 US & UK government announce establishment of United Nations.

1944 Field Marshal Erwin Rommel ordered to return to Berlin.

1944 Uprising at Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, Jews burn down crematoriums.

1950 US forces invade North Korea by crossing 38th parallel.

1955 Aircraft carrier USS Saratoga launched at Brooklyn.

2023 Hamas launches a major air and ground attack on Israel from Gaza, killing over a thousand people and taking hundreds of hostages, prompting Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to declare "We are at war"

[Jimbuna]

1769 Captain James Cook lands in New Zealand for the first time, near present-day Gisborne on the East Coast of the North Island. A misunderstanding, possibly over a ceremonial challenge causes the English to shoot and kill Ngāti Oneone leader, Te Maro.

1915 Battle of Loos ends as German forces contain the British attack, resulting in 85,000 casualties.

1918 American soldier Alvin York single-handedly attacks German gun nest, killing at least 25 and capturing 132 Germans.

1962 North Korea reports 100% election turnout, miraculously 100% vote for the Workers' Party.

1968 Dutch aircraft carrier Karel Doorman (formerly British HMS Venerable) sold to Argentina.

1998 US House of Representatives votes to begin impeachment hearings against President Bill Clinton on charges of lying about his affair with Monica Lewinsky.

[Jimbuna]

1781 Americans under George Washington and the French under Comte de Rochambeau begin bombardment of Yorktown, the last battle of American Revolutionary War.

1799 Sinking of British frigate HMS Lutine, with the loss of 240 men and cargo worth £1,200,000 off Dutch coast.

1941 US President Franklin D. Roosevelt approves an atomic program that would become the Manhattan Project.

2006 North Korea conducts its first nuclear test with an estimated yield of between 0.4 and 2 kilotons.

[Jimbuna]

1913 British passenger ship Volturno catches fire in Atlantic (136 killed)

1944 Admiral Halsey's Task Force 30 bombs Okinawa, 700 die.

1957 A fire at the Windscale nuclear plant in Cumbria, England becomes the world's first major nuclear accident.

1957 US President Eisenhower apologizes to the finance minister of Ghana, Komla Agbeli Gbdemah, after he is refused service in a restaurant in Dover, Delaware.

1972 3 members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) die in a premature explosion in a house in Balkan Street, Lower Falls, Belfast.

1974 The Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) and its political wing the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP) founded at the Spa Hotel in the village of Lucan near Dublin.

1985 US fighter jets force Egyptian plane carrying hijackers of Italian ship Achille Lauro to land in Italy, gunmen are placed in custody.

[Jimbuna]

1939 FDR and advisor Alexander Sachs meet to discuss Albert Einstein's letter warning about the possibilities of an atomic bomb.

1945 Chinese Civil War begins between the Kuomintang government led by Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong's Communist Party.

1956 Great Britain performs nuclear test at Maralinga, Australia.

[Jimbuna]

1900 First modern submarine is commissioned by the US Navy as the USS Holland, named for its designer John Philip Holland.

1915 Despite international protest, Edith Cavell an English nurse in Belgium, is executed by the Germans for aiding the escape of Allied prisoners.

1933 Gangster George Francis Barnes, aka Machine Gun Kelly, is sentenced to life imprisonment.

1941 Soviet government moves from Moscow to Volga as Nazis forces close in on Moscow.

1972 46 sailors injured in race riot on American aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk.

1984 IRA bombs the Grand Hotel, Brighton, where British PM Margaret Thatcher is staying, 5 die.

2000 American destroyer USS Cole is badly damaged in Aden, Yemen, by two suicide bombers, killing 17 crew members and wounding at least 39

[Jimbuna]

1775 First US Navy forms when Continental Congress orders construction of a naval fleet.

1812 Battle of Queenstown Heights: British forces defeat United States forces attempting to invade Canada.

1884 International Meridian Conference in Washington DC establishes Greenwich in London, England as the universal time meridian of longitude.

1924 Mecca falls without struggle to Saudi forces led by Abdulaziz Ibn Saud.

1930 New German Reichstag opens with 107 NSDAP members in uniform.

1944 US 1st army begins battle of Aachen, first German city captured during World War II

1972 Uruguay to Chile plane crashes in Andes Mountains, (passengers eat crash victims to survive, 16 of 45 rescued 2 months later)

1987 1st military use of trained dolphins (US Navy in Persian Gulf)

[Jimbuna]

1066 Battle of Hastings: William, Duke of Normandy and his Norman army defeat the English forces of Harold II who is killed in the battle.

1322 Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's independence.

1933 Nazi Germany announces its withdrawal from the League of Nations.

1939 German U-47 sinks British battleship HMS Royal Oak, 833 killed.

1943 600 Jewish prisoners mount an uprising at the Nazi concentration camp in Sobibor, Poland, 300 successfully escape.

1943 US 8th Air Force loses 60 B-17s during assault on Schweinfurt.

1957 Queen Elizabeth II becomes the first Canadian monarch to open the Parliament of Canada with the Speech from the Throne.

1962 US U-2 espionage planes locate missile launchers in Cuba.

1972 North Irish Loyalist paramilitaries raid Headquarters of the 10 Ulster Defence Regiment in Belfast and stole rifles and ammunition.

[Jimbuna]

1815 Napoleon Bonaparte arrives on island of St Helena to begin his exile.

1860 11-year-old Grace Bedell writes to Abraham Lincoln telling him to grow a beard.

1917 Dutch exotic dancer Mata Hari is executed by firing squad for spying for Germany during World War I at Vincennes near Paris.

1918 British Q-ship Cymric sinks British submarine J6

1924 US President Calvin Coolidge declares Statue of Liberty a national monument.

1941 Hideki Tojo appointed Prime Minister of Imperial Japan.

1941 WWII: Nazi SS-Brigadier General Walter Stahlecker submits summary report documenting killing of more than 118,000 unarmed Jewish men, women, and children by men under his command between June 22 and October 15, 1941 during invasion of the Soviet Union to the Reich Security Main Office in Berlin.

1942 German 6th Army occupies Tractorenfabriek, 3,000 Germans die.

1966 Australia bans Troggs' "I Can't Control Myself" as "terribly obscene"

1967 The Motherland Calls, a monumental statue commemorating the battle of Stalingrad completed in Volgograd, Russia, then the World's tallest statue designed by Yevgeny Vuchetich.

1969 Vietnam Moratorium Day in the US, millions nationwide protest against the war.

1993 Nelson Mandela and South African President F. W. de Klerk awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

[Jimbuna]

1813 Battle of Leipzig, the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I, sees Napoleon's forces defeated by Prussia, Austria, and Russia.

1916 T. E. Lawrence (of Arabia) meets with Faisal I of Iraq.

1941 Germany advances within 60 miles (96 K) of Moscow.

1946 10 Nazi leaders are hanged as war criminals after Nuremberg war trials, including Wilhelm Keitel, Joachim von Ribbentrop and Alfred Jodl.

1962 Cuban Missile Crisis begins as US President John F. Kennedy is shown photos confirming the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba.

1964 China becomes world's 5th nuclear power.

1972 2 members of the Official Irish Republican Army are shot dead by the British Army in County Tyrone.

1972 A Protestant youth member (15) of the Ulster Defence Association, and a UDA member (26) are run over by British Army vehicles during riots in east Belfast.

1998 Former Chilean dictator General Augusto Pinochet is arrested in London on a Spanish warrant requesting his extradition on murder charges.

[Jimbuna]

1854 French and British forces bombard Sevastopol for the first time during the Crimean War.

1917 1st British bombing of Germany.

1941 USS Kearney becomes the 1st US destroyer torpedoed in World War II, while the country is still officially neutral.

1943 Burma Railway built by Allied POWs and Asian laborers is completed for use by the Japanese army.

1943 Liberators sink U-540 & U-631

1957 Britain's Queen Elizabeth & Prince Philip visit the White House.

1960 US & Britain sign an accord granting US access to the British nuclear submarine base in Holy Loch, Scotland.

1977 West German commandos storm hijacked Lufthansa in Mogadishu, Somalia freeing all 86 hostages & killing 3 of 4 hijackers.

2017 Islamic State headquarters in Raqqa is declared under full control of the US-led alliance by Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) spokesperson Talal Sello after four months of fighting.

[Jimbuna]

1867 US takes formal possession of Alaska from Russia, after paying $7.2 million in the Alaska Purchase.

1919 David Beatty is created 1st Earl Beatty, Viscount Borodale, and Baron Beatty of the North Sea and Brooksby.

1931 Gangster Al Capone is convicted on five of the 23 counts of tax evasion against him, later fined $50,000 and sentenced to 11 years in jail.

1942 Hitler orders captured allied commandos to be killed.

[Jimbuna]

1781 British forces under General Charles Cornwallis sign terms of surrender to George Washington and Comte de Rochambeau at Yorktown at 2 p.m., effectively ending the American Revolutionary War.

1812 Napoleon Bonaparte and his Grande Armée begin their retreat from Moscow numbering just 100,000 (started campaign with 500,000)

1917 US Army opens Love Field, a military airplane pilot training center, in Dallas, Texas.

1919 1st US Distinguished Service Medal awarded to a living female recipient, Anna Howard Shaw.

1939 Hermann Goering begins plunder through Nazi's occupied areas.

1950 UN forces enter Pyongyang, capital of North Korea.

1951 US President Harry Truman formally ends state of war with Germany.

1987 US warships destroy 2 Iranian oil platforms in Persian Gulf.

1988 Britain bans broadcast interviews with IRA members.

[Jimbuna]

1905 Russian Tsar Nicholas II allows the Poles to speak Polish to help quell the revolution in the Kingdom of Poland.

1917 US suffragette Alice Paul begins a seven-month jail sentence for peacefully picketing in support of the Women's Suffrage (right to vote) Amendment at the White House in Washington, D.C.

1918 In order to secure a WWI armistice, Germany agrees to further concessions.

1921 Germany and Allies comes to an agreements over reparation payments in a meeting at Wiensbaden.

1944 US forces under General Douglas MacArthur return to the Philippines with the landing of the US 6th army on Leyte.

1973 Queen Elizabeth II opens the Sydney Opera House at Bennelong Point in Sydney, Australia, after 14 years of construction.

1973 US President Nixon accepts the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus as they refuse orders to discharge Watergate Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox, in what has become known as "The Saturday Night Massacre"; after the resignations, Acting Attorney General Robert Bork fires Cox.

1988 Britain ends suspects' right to remain silent in crackdown on IRA

2011 The former leader of Libya, Muammar Gaddafi, and his son Moatassem Gaddafi are killed shortly after the battle of Sirte (2011) while in the custody of NTC fighters.

[Jimbuna]

1797 The USS Constitution (Old Ironsides) is launched in Boston.

1805 Battle of Trafalgar: British Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats the combined French and Spanish fleet. Nelson is shot and killed during the battle.

1854 Florence Nightingale, with a staff of 38 nurses, is sent to the Crimean War.

1917 1st Americans to see action on front lines of WWI: US troops enter front lines at Sommervillier under French command.

1944 US troops capture Aachen, the first large German city to fall in World War II

1948 UN rejects Russian proposal to destroy atomic weapons.

1966 116 children and 28 adults die as a coal waste heap slides and engulfs a school in Aberfan, South Wales.

[Jimbuna]

1884 International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. adopts Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) worldwide and creates 24 international time zones with longitude zero at the Greenwich meridian.

1962 US President John F. Kennedy makes a live television address about Soviet missile bases in Cuba and imposes a naval blockade on Cuba, beginning the Cuban Missile Crisis.

[Jimbuna]

1911 First aerial reconnaissance mission is flown by an Italian pilot over Turkish lines during the Italo-Turkish War.

1917 1st Infantry division "Big Red One" shoots 1st US shot in WW I

1942 During WWII, Britain launches major offensive at El Alamein, Egypt.

1944 Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita's flagship the heavy cruiser Atago sinks during the Battle of Leyte Gulf.

1971 Three Catholic civilians are shot dead by the British Army during an attempted robbery in Newry, County Down.

1971 Two female members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) are shot dead by the British Army in the Lower Falls area of Belfast.

1981 US national debt hits $1 trillion.

1992 Emperor Akihito becomes the first Emperor of Japan to stand on Chinese soil.

2001 Provisional Irish Republican Army of Northern Ireland commences disarmament following peace talks.

[Jimbuna]

79 Mt. Vesuvius erupts, burying the cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis and Stabiae and killing thousands. New research in 2018 suggests the eruption occurred at about this date, not the previously used 24 August.

1812 Napoleonic Wars: The Battle of Maloyaroslavets takes place near Moscow, French army then forced to retreat through the snow towards Smolensk.

1857 Recognized by FIFA as the oldest existing club still playing football in the world, Sheffield FC is founded in Yorkshire, England; now based in Dronfield, Derbyshire.

1931 Gangster Al Capone is sentenced to 11 years in prison for tax evasion.

1944 US air raid on Japanese battleships and cruisers in Sibuya Sea: Musashi sinks.

1944 US aircraft carrier Princeton sinks at Philippines.

1944 US naval pilot David McCampbell sets a combat mission record by shooting down 9 Japanese planes during Battle of Leyte Gulf, in the Philippines.

1954 Dwight D. Eisenhower pledges United States' support to South Vietnam.

1958 USSR lends Egypt 400 million rubles to build the Aswan High Dam across the Nile river.

1962 Soviet ships approach but stop short of the US blockade of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

1971 A member of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) is shot dead by undercover Royal Ulster Constabulary officers during a bomb attack in Belfast.

1971 President of Sinn Féin Ruairi O'Brady, addresses a party conference in Dublin and proclaims that the North of Ireland must be made ungovernable as a first step to achieve a united Ireland.

1972 2 Catholic men are found dead at a farm at Aughinahinch, near Newtownbbutler, County Fermanagh - British soldiers carry out the killings.

2008 In a "Bloody Friday" many of the world's stock exchanges experience the worst decline in their history, with drops of around 10% in most indices.

[Jimbuna]

1415 Battle of Agincourt: Henry V's forces defeat a larger French army as the longbow overcomes the armoured knight at Agincourt, France.

1854 Infamous "Charge of the Light Brigade" during the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War results in over 100 deaths.

1962 US Ambassador to the UN Adlai Stevenson demands USSR UN representative Valerian Zorin answer regarding Cuban missile bases, saying, "I am prepared to wait for my answer until hell freezes over"

1971 United Nations votes to expel the Chinese Nationalist ruled Taiwan and admit the Communist People's Republic of China.

2017 Chinese Premier Xi Jinping unveils his new ruling council in the Great Hall of the People; none of the five members are young enough to succeed him.

[Ostfriese]

October 25th, 1944: Admiral Kurita Takeo's Center Force (consisting of four battleships (including Yamato), six heavy cruisers, two light cruisers and eleven destroyers) achieves complete tactical surprise against Clifton Sprague's Taffy 3 (consisting of six escort carriers, three destroyers and four destroyer escorts) - and comes out a poor second in the Battle off Samar.

[Jimbuna]

1863 International conference begins in Geneva aimed at improving medical conditions on battlefields, beginning of the Red Cross.

1881 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral: The most famous shootout in the Wild West occurs between lawmen, including Wyatt Earp, and the Cowboys, with Tom and Frank McLaury and Billy Clanton killed.

1918 Germany's supreme commander General Eric Ludendorff resigns, protesting the terms to which the German Government has agreed in negotiating an armistice.

1940 The P-51 Mustang makes its maiden flight.

1943 First flight of the Dornier Do 335 "Pfeil".

1951 Winston Churchill re-elected British Prime Minister at the age of 76

1962 Nikita Khrushchev sends note to JFK offering to withdraw his missiles from Cuba if US closes its bases in Turkey. Offer is rejected and JFK warns Russia that the USA will not allow Soviet missiles to remain in Cuba.

1966 US aircraft carrier Oriskany catches fire at Gulf on Tonken, 43 die.

2019 Raid by US Special Forces kills ISIS founder Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in Syria.

[Jimbuna]

1864 Confederate ship CSS Albemarle torpedoed and sunk by a spar torpedo mounted on a steam launch commanded by William B. Cushing.

1914 British battleship Audacious sunk by mine.

1942 US aircraft carrier Hornet sinks off Santa Cruz.

1962 Black Saturday during the Cuban Missile Crisis: An American spy plane is shot down over Cuba and the navy drops warning depth charges on Soviet submarines.

[Jimbuna]

1886 Statue of Liberty is dedicated by President Grover Cleveland, celebrated by the first confetti (ticker tape) parade in New York City.

1908 The English Newspaper the Daily Telegraph prints an interview with Germany's Emperor Wilhelm II, who characterises himself as personally friendly to Britain but suggests the German people are hostile, causing uproar in both countries.

1914 German battle cruiser Goeben enters Black Sea.

1919 Volstead Act is passed by Congress, establishing prohibition despite President Woodrow Wilson's veto.

1924 Miner M.de Bruin discovers the infant fossil skull, "Taung child" in a lime quarry in Taung, South Africa. Paleoanthropologist Raymond Dart identifies the fossil as a new hominin species, Australopithecus africanus.

1936 FDR rededicates Statue of Liberty on its 50th anniversary.

1943 German submarine U-220 sunk by US aircraft in the Atlantic.

1946 German rocket engineers begin work in USSR

1962 Cuban Missile Crisis: US President JFK receives letter from Soviet Leaderr Khrushchev suggesting agreement.

1962 Radio Moscow reports nuclear missiles in Cuba deactivated.

1971 The British Parliament debates the European Communities principle of membership and votes 356 to 244 in favour of joining, requiring a new law to be drafted and a later final vote on joining.

[Jimbuna]

1918 German sailors refuse to obey orders to fight British naval forces and lead a revolt in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven, beginning the German Revolution.

1932 French liner Normandie is launched.

1943 Three allied officers escape out camp Stalag Luft 3

1945 First ballpoint pen goes on sale, manufactured by Reynolds in the US (just beating biro)

1956 Suez Crisis erupts into war as Israel invades the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula, to be followed by a planned airborne assault by France and Britain.

1960 Cassius Clay [Muhammad Ali] in his first professional fight beats Tunney Hunsaker on points in 6 rounds in Louisville, Kentucky.

1975 'Yorkshire Ripper' Peter Sutcliffe kills his first victim, Wilma McCann.

1998 Space Shuttle Discovery blasts off on STS-95 with 77-year old John Glenn on board, making him the oldest person to go into space.

2015 China announces the end of its one-child policy after 35 years.

[Jimbuna]

1784 Napoléon Bonaparte admitted to the elite École Militaire in Paris, the start of his military career.

1917 British government gives final approval to the Balfour Declaration.

1939 German U boat fails attack of English battleship Nelson with Winston Churchill, Dudley Pound & Charles Forbes aboard.

1939 USSR & Germany agree on partitioning Poland, Adolf Hitler deports Jews.

1944 Anne Frank is deported from Auschwitz to Belsen.

1970 There are serious riots in the Catholic Ardoyne area of Belfast which last for three nights.

1972 Loyalist paramilitaries carry out a raid on Royal Ulster Constabulary station in County Derry, and steal 4 British Army Sterling sub-machine Guns.

1972 The Northern Ireland Office issues a discussion document 'The Future of Northern Ireland'; the paper states Britain's commitment to the union as long as the majority of people wish to remain part of the United Kingdom.

1973 The Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey, is completed, connecting the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosporus for the first time.

[Jimbuna]

1863 The Maori Wars resumed as British forces in New Zealand led by General Duncan Cameron began their Invasion of the Waikato.

1917 Battle of Beersheba in southern Palestine - "last successful cavalry charge in history" is performed by the 4th Australian Light Horse.

1918 The Spanish flu kills 21,000 people in the US in a single week.

1940 Battle of Britain, fought between the RAF and Luftwaffe over the English Channel and southern England, ends with a British victory.

1941 Prior to US joining WWII, German submarine U-552 torpedoes US destroyer Reuben James near Iceland.

1942 U-boats sink and damage 120 allied ships this month (659,457 tons)

1943 F4U Corsair accomplishes the first successful radar-guided interception.

1949 Dutch Nazi Henri 'Hakkie' Holdert, director of Amsterdam paper De Telegraaf and member of the SS, sentenced to 12 years imprisonment.

1959 Lee Harvey Oswald announces in Moscow he will never return to USA

1971 The Irish Republican Army (IRA) explode a bomb at the Post Office Tower in London.

1972 2 Catholic children (6 and 4) playing on the street are killed in a Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) car bomb attack on a bar in Ship Street, Belfast.

2011 The world population reaches 7 billion inhabitants according to the United Nations.

[Jimbuna]

1911 The first aerial bomb is dropped by an Italian pilot on Turkish troops in Libya during the Italo-Turkish War.

1918 Yugoslav battleship Viribus Unitis sunk by Italians.

1919 British Admiral David Beatty becomes First Sea Lord.

1939 First jet plane, Heinkel He 178, demonstrated to German Air Ministry.

1941 Japanese naval staff offiicers Suzuki & Maejima arrive at Pearl Harbor.

1950 Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempt to assassinate US President Harry Truman at Blair House in Washington D.C.; attack thwarted by White House Police, including Officer Leslie Coffelt who was killed in the line of duty.

1952 "Ivy Mike", the first thermonuclear weapon to utilize the H-bomb design of Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam, is detonated in the Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean.

[Jimbuna]

1914 Great Britain declares the entire North Sea a military area: neutral ships will transit it at their own risk.

1917 British government proclaims support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine in the Balfour Declaration.

1917 In WWI the 1st US soldiers are killed in combat: James Gresham, Thomas Enright and Merle Hay.

1932 The "Great Emu War" begins: Australian soldiers armed with Lewis Guns seek to cull the Emu population over crop destruction in Campion district, Western Australia.

2000 The first crew arrives at the International Space Station.

[Jimbuna]

1906 International Radiotelegraph Conference in Berlin selects "SOS" (· · · – – – · · ·) distress signal as the worldwide standard for help.

1941 Japanese Admiral Osami Nagano presents a complete plan for the attack on Pearl Harbor to Emperor Hirohito.

1946 Emperor Hirohito proclaims a new Japanese constitution.

1957 Soviet Union launches Sputnik 2 with space dog Laika aboard, a mostly Siberian Husky, the first animal in space.

1970 US President Richard Nixon promises gradual troop removal of Vietnam.

[Jimbuna]

1862 American inventor Richard Jordan Gatling patents the hand-cranked Gatling machine gun in Indianapolis.

1921 The Sturmabteilung or SA (the "Brown Shirts") is formally established by Adolf Hitler.

1922 Howard Carter rediscovers the intact tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun in Egypt.

1950 US troops vacate Pyongyang, North Korea.

1979 500 Iranian students loyal to Ayatollah Khomeini seize the US Embassy in Tehran, taking 90 hostages for 444 days.

2008 Barack Obama becomes the first African-American to be elected President of the United States, defeating Republican candidate John McCain.

[Jimbuna]

1605 Catholic conspirator Guy Fawkes attempts to blow up King James I and the British Parliament in the Gunpowder Plot. The plot is discovered, and Guy Fawkes is caught, tortured, and later executed along with seven others. Celebrated ever since as Guy Fawkes Day, his effigy is traditionally burned on a bonfire, accompanied by fireworks.

1917 Gen Pershing & US troops see action on Western Front for 1st time.

1925 British secret agent Sidney Reilly ('Ace of Spies') is executed in a forest near Moscow by the OGPU, the secret police of the Soviet Union.

1937 Adolf Hitler informs his military leaders in a secret meeting of his intention to go to war.

1940 Allied convoy of 38 ships encounters German cruiser Admiral Scheer in the north Atlantic, its escort HMS Jervis Bay sacrifices itself with the loss of 190 lives, five other convoy ships sunk.

1941 Japanese naval staff officers Suzuki and Maejima leave Pearl Harbor.

[Jimbuna]

1860 Republican Abraham Lincoln of Illinois is elected the 16th President of the United States of America.

1935 1st test flight of Hawker Hurricane fighter aircraft.

1945 The first landing of a jet on a carrier takes place on USS Wake Island when an FR-1 Fireball touches down.

1956 Suez Crisis: British Royal Marines storm Port Said in Egypt amid growing domestic and international opposition to the Anglo-French-Israeli military operation.

1961 US government issues a stamp honoring the 100th birthday of James Naismith, who invented the game of basketball and is actually Canadian.

1999 Australians vote to keep the British monarch as their head of state in the Australian republic referendum.

[Jimbuna]

1872 Cargo ship Mary Celeste sails from Staten Island for Genoa, mysteriously found abandoned four weeks later.

1917 British capture Gaza, Palestine, from Turks.

1918 United Press erroneously reports WWI armistice had been signed.

1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt is re-elected President of the United States for a record fourth term, defeating Republican candidate Thomas E. Dewey.

2000 Controversial US presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore is inconclusive; the result in Bush's favor is eventually decided by the Supreme Court.

2020 Former Vice President Joe Biden is declared the winner of the US presidential race four days after the US election, defeating sitting President Donald Trump.

[Jimbuna]

1861 USS San Jacinto commanded by Charles Wilkes captures two Confederate diplomats from the British mail steamer Trent, almost causing a war between the US and the UK

1895 German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen produces and detects electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as X-rays or Röntgen rays.

1900 British naval officer David Beatty takes part in the successful relief of the naval brigade at Tientsin during the Boxer Rebellion and is promoted to captain.

1923 Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party stage "Beer Hall Putsch" in Munich, Germany.

1939 Failed assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler at Bürgerbräukeller beer hall in Munich, Germany; timebomb planted by workman Georg Elser explodes 13 minutes after Hitler's departure kills 8

1940 RAF bombs Munich, Adolf Hitler promises "an attack on the capital of the Nazi movement would not go unpunished"

1942 Adolf Hitler proclaims fall of Stalingrad from Munich beer hall.

1966 Movie actor Ronald Reagan is elected Governor of California.

1974 British peer the Earl of Lucan disappears and is never seen again after his nanny is found murdered in London.

2016 Republican Donald Trump is elected 45th President of the United States, defeating Democrat Hillary Clinton with an Electoral College victory of 304-227; Clinton receives just under 2.9 million more popular votes.

[Dargo]

On this day in 1989 crowds of CIA sponsored fascists in pay of Soros stormed the Berlin Wall to begin an illegal, and very gay, annexation of East Germany. https://x.com/DarthPutinKGB/status/1855163155321667980

[Jimbuna]

1620 After a month of delays off the English coast and about two months at sea, the Mayflower spots land (Cape Cod)

1799 Napoleon Bonaparte pulls off a coup and becomes the dictator of France under the title of First Consul.

1888 Jack the Ripper's fifth and probably last victim, Mary Jane Kelly, is found on her bed.

1918 Emperor Wilhelm II abdicates after German defeat in World War I

1923 Beer Hall Putsch's second day in Munich; Nazis fail to overthrow government, 16 die and Adolf Hitler flees.

1961 The Beatles meet future manager Brian Epstein after a lunch time performance at The Cavern Club in Liverpool, England.

1989 East Berlin opens its borders at Checkpoint Charlie when thousands arrive after a bureaucratic error announces that restrictions on travel to the West have been lifted.

2020 Drugmakers BioNTech and Pfizer announce their COVID-19 vaccine is over 90% effective in a first look at the results from their phase 3 trial involving nearly 44,000 people.

[Jimbuna]

1674 Dutch formally cede New Netherland (New York) to the English.

1905 Sailors join the rebellion at Kronstadt naval base in Russia.

1918 German Emperor Wilhelm II flees to Netherlands.

1918 Western Union Cable Office in North Sydney, Nova Scotia, receives a top-secret coded message from Europe stating that on November 11, 1918, all fighting will cease on land, sea, and in the air.

1923 German ex-crown prince flees Netherlands for Germany.

1928 Emperor Hirohito of Japan's possession of the Imperial Regalia is publicly confirmed.

1938 Second day of Kristallnacht: pogrom against the Jews in Germany and Austria after assassination of a German diplomat in Paris.

1940 Walt Disney begins serving as an informer for the Los Angeles office of the FBI; his job is to report back information on Hollywood subversives.

1960 Uncensored version of D. H. Lawrence's "Lady Chatterley’s Lover" finally goes on sale in the UK after a jury finds publisher Penguin Books not guilty in an obscenity trial.

1989 Germans begin demolishing the Berlin Wall.

[Jimbuna]

1620 Mayflower Compact is signed by Pilgrims at Cape Cod, establishing the first framework of government in the territory that is now the USA

1880 Australian bushranger, gang leader and outlaw legend Ned Kelly is hanged at Melbourne Gaol.

1918 World War I Armistice signed by the Allies and Germany comes into effect, with hostilities ending at 11 a.m., "the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month"

1920 Great Britain's monument to her war dead, the Cenotaph in Whitehall, designed by Edwin Lutyens, unveiled.

1920 The burials of unknown soldiers take place simultaneously in Westminster Abbey, London, and at the Arc de Triomphe, Paris.

1921 US President Warren G. Harding dedicates Tomb of Unknown Soldier at Arlington Cemetery.

1923 Eternal flame lit for the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier under the Arc de Triomphe in Paris.

1925 City of Chicago, Illinois renames Municipal Grant Park Stadium, as Soldier Field, in honor of US soldiers killed in combat during World War I

1937 German aircraft Messerschmidt ME-109V13 flies a new world air speed record for landplanes with piston engines of 610.95 km/h (379.62 mph)

1940 British Fleet Air Arm attack destroys half of Italian fleet at Taranto.

2004 Yasser Arafat's death from unidentified causes is confirmed by the Palestine Liberation Organization, and Mahmoud Abbas is elected PLO chairman shortly after.

[Jimbuna]

1912 British explorer Robert Falcon Scott's diary and body are found in Antarctica.

1923 In Germany, Adolf Hitler is arrested for attempt to seize power during "Beer Hall Putsch" coup.

1926 The first recorded aerial bombing on US soil took place in Williamson County, Illinois, during a feud between rival liquor gangs, the Sheltons and the Birgers.

1927 Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, paving the way for Joseph Stalin to consolidate complete power.

1941 Germany's drive to take Moscow halted.

1942 The SS Robert E. Peary, a Liberty ship built in 4 days and 15.5 hours at Henry J. Kaiser's Richmond Shipyard #2, is launched, setting a new record.

1944 RAF sinks German battleship Tirpitz at Tromso Fjord, Norway.

1948 Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo sentenced to death by war crimes tribunal.

1966 Buzz Aldrin takes the first 'space selfie', a photo of himself performing extravehicular activity in space during the Gemini program.

1969 US army announces investigating William Calley for alleged massacre of civilians at Vietnamese village of My Lai in March, 19

1990 The World Wide Web is first proposed by CERN computer scientists Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau.

[Jimbuna]

1856 The Great Bell of Big Ben first chimes at the foot of the still-unfinished clock tower outside the Palace of Westminster.

1916 Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Labor Party over his support for conscription.

1941 U-81 torpedoes British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal near Gibraltar.

1942 Minimum draft age lowered from 21 to 18 in the US

2018 Trial of Mexican drug lord Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán begins in New York, he is charged with drug trafficking, money laundering, and murder.

[Jimbuna]

1941 British aircraft carrier Ark Royal sank in Mediterranean, having been torpedoed by a German submarine the day before.

1942 Last Vichy-French troops in Algeria surrender.

1976 Dutch war criminal Pieter Menten captured one day after fleeing.

1991 American and British authorities announce indictments against two Libyan intelligence officials for the downing of Pan Am Flight 103

1994 First public trains run through the Channel Tunnel, linking England and France under the English Channel.

[Jimbuna]

1492 Christopher Columbus notes in his journal the first recorded reference to tobacco.

1898 British naval officer David Beatty promoted to commander after Sudan Campaign.

1899 Morning Post reporter Winston Churchill captured by Boers in Natal.

1916 Canadian pilot William George Barker flying over Ancre River, spots concentration of German troops massing for counter-attack on Beaumont Hamel, sends emergency Zone Call to break up German infantry apart. Barker later receives Military Cross.

1942 First flight of the Heinkel He 219

1969 An estimated 2 million people take part in the Vietnam War Moratorium demonstration across the United States.

2017 Leonardo da Vinci's painting "Salvator Mundi" sells for $450.3 million at auction in New York, world record price for any artwork.

[Jimbuna]

1776 British troops capture Fort Washington during the American Revolution.

1882 British gunboat HMS Flirt fires at and destroys villages of Abari and Asaba on the Forcado River in Niger, in retaliation for attack on British owned factory that left 5 Brits missing.

1961 US President JFK decides to increase military aid to South Vietnam without committing US combat troops.

1969 1968 Mỹ Lai massacre of between 347 and 504 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians by US soldiers is first reported.

1988 President Reagan and the First Lady participate in the official state arrival ceremony, meetings and a state dinner with Margaret Thatcher.

1993 Russian President Boris Yeltsin shuts Lenin museum.

[Jimbuna]

1855 David Livingstone becomes the first European to see Victoria Falls in what is now Zambia and Zimbabwe.

1869 Suez Canal in Egypt opens, linking the Mediterranean and Red seas.

1922 The last sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmed VI, is expelled to Malta on a British warship.

1951 Britain reports development of the world's first nuclear-powered heating system.

1970 Douglas Engelbart receives the patent for the first computer mouse.

1979 Ayatollah Khomeini frees most black & female US hostages.

[Jimbuna]

1916 British General Douglas Haig finally calls off the First Battle of the Somme in World War I after more than 1 million soldiers are killed or wounded.

1939 The Irish Republican Army explodes three bombs in Piccadilly Circus.

1943 German submarine U-211 sunk east of the Azores in the Atlantic Ocean by British Wellington aircraft.

1949 The U.S. Air Force grounds B-29s after two crashes and 23 deaths in three days.

1955 Bell X-2 rocket plane taken up for 1st powered flight.

1961 JFK sends 18,000 military advisors to South Vietnam.

1971 A British soldier is shot dead by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in Belfast.

[Jimbuna]

1620 The Mayflower reaches Cape Cod and explores the coast.

1863 US President Abraham Lincoln delivers his Gettysburg address beginning; "Four score and seven years ago..."

1919 US Senate rejects the Treaty of Versailles by a vote of 55 to 39; Congress two years later approves resolution ending hostilities with Germany and Austria-Hungary.

1942 Operation Uranus: Soviet offensive begins during the Battle of Stalingrad, 1 million Soviet soldiers encircle the German Sixth Army.

1950 US General Eisenhower becomes supreme commander of NATO-Europe.

1969 Apollo 12's Charles Conrad and Alan Bean become the 3rd and 4th humans on the Moon.

[Jimbuna]

1815 Second Treaty of Paris: France has its borders reduced to those of 1790 and agrees to pay 700 million francs in indemnities to end the Napoleonic Wars.

1917 First successful use of a tank in battle at the Battle of Cambrai in World War I as Britain uses the new technology to break through German lines.

1917 Ukrainian Republic declared.

1941 German "auxiliary cruiser" (armed merchant raider) Kormoran sinks near Australia.

1943 German submarine U-536 sunk northeast of the Azores in the Atlantic Ocean by British and Canadian warships.

1944 1st Japanese suicide submarine attack (Ulithi Atol, Carolines)

1945 The Nuremberg war trials begin as 24 Nazi leaders are put on trial before judges representing the victorious Allied powers.

[Jimbuna]

1806 The Continental System declared in the Decree of Berlin: Emperor Napoleon I bans all trade with Britain.

1818 Russia's Tsar Alexander I petitions for a Jewish state in Palestine.

1916 HMHS Britannic sinks in the Aegean Sea after a mine explodes, killing 30 people.

1918 The German High Seas Fleet of 5 battlecruisers, 9 battleships, 7 cruisers and 49 destroyers surrendered to the British Grand Fleet and were shepherded into the Firth of Forth.

1943 German submarine U-538 sunk on southwest of Ireland in the Atlantic Ocean by British warships.

1946 Harry Truman becomes 1st US President to travel in a submerged submarine.

1963 US President John F. Kennedy flies to Texas (assassinated the next day)

1967 Vietnam War: American General William Westmoreland tells news reporters: "I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy was winning, today he is certainly losing."

2017 Robert Mugabe's resignation after 37 years in power is read out in Zimbabwe's parliaments during impeachment proceedings.

[Jimbuna]

1941 British cruiser Devonshire sinks German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis.

1942 Adolf Hitler orders Rommel's Africa Korps to fight to the last man.

1943 British RAF begins air bombing of Berlin, Germany.

1963 US President John F. Kennedy is assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald while riding in an open-topped motorcade in Dallas, Texas.

1971 A member of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) is killed in a premature bomb explosion in Lurgan, County Armagh.

1990 Margaret Thatcher announces her resignation as British Prime Minister.

2005 Angela Merkel becomes the first female Chancellor of Germany.

[Dargo]

The Holodomor, the man-made famine of 1932–1933, was one of the darkest chapters in Ukrainian history. Millions of Ukrainians died as a result of Stalin's deliberate policies, aimed at crushing the nation's spirit and resistance.

[Jimbuna]

1499 Flemish pretender to the English throne Perkin Warbeck hanged for reportedly attempting to escape from Tower of London. Invaded England in 1497, claiming to be the lost son of King Edward IV

1869 Clipper Cutty Sark is launched in Dumbarton, Scotland, as one of the last clippers ever built and the only one still surviving.

1942 Chinese steward Poon Lim begins 133 days adrift after British ship SS Benlomond is torpedoed by a German U-boat, leaving him as the sole survivor.

1942 German 4th & 6th Army surrounded at Stalingrad.

1963 Following the protocol after Abraham Lincoln's death, JFK's body lies in repose in the East Room of the White House and viewed by officials and heads of state.

1963 LBJ proclaims Nov 25 a day of national mourning after the assassination of JFK

1991 Freddie Mercury, 45, confirms he has AIDS the day before he dies.

2019 Sumatran rhino officially declared extinct in Malaysia after last known specimen, 25-year-old Iman, dies of cancer in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo.

[Jimbuna]

1874 American inventor Joseph Glidden patents barbed wire.

1940 The Blitz: Luftwaffe bombs Bristol city centre, killing 200 people in the first German raid on the city.

1944 US bombers based on Saipan begin 1st attack on Tokyo.

1950 UN troops begin an assault intending to end the Korean War by Christmas.

1954 Air Force One, 1st US Presidential airplane, christened.

1971 A British Army bomb-disposal specialist is killed by a bomb in Lurgan, County Armagh.

1971 A woman is killed after members of the Irish Republican Army carry out an attack on British soldiers in Strabane, County Tyrone.

1979 Senate report proves US troops in Vietnam were exposed to the toxic chemical defoliant Agent Orange.

[Jimbuna]

1783 Britain evacuates New York City, its last military position in the United States.

1841 35 survivors of the mutiny on the slave ship Amistad return to Africa.

1922 Crown Prince Hirohito of Japan becomes Regent of Japan in his ailing father's stead.

1938 Lavrentiy Beria succeeds Nikolai Yezhov as the head of the Soviet secret police, NKVD, after Yezhov was executed on Joseph Stalin's orders.

1940 First flights of the de Havilland Mosquito and Martin B-26 Marauder.

1943 U-600 sinks in Atlantic Ocean.

1944 World War II: A German V-2 rocket hits a Woolworth's store in Deptford, United Kingdom, killing 160 shoppers.

1948 16-inch coastal guns removed from Fort Funston, San Francisco.

1957 US President Dwight Eisenhower suffers a mild stroke, impairing his speech.

1963 JFK is laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery.

1969 John Lennon returns MBE to protest "against Britain's involvement in the Nigeria-Biafra thing, against our support of America in Vietnam and against Cold Turkey slipping down the charts."

1971 British Labour Party leader Harold Wilson proposes Britain should work towards a withdrawal from Northern Ireland, and after 15 years; the Republic of Ireland could rejoin the British Commonwealth.

1974 Irish Republican Army is outlawed in Britain following deaths of 21

1975 A loyalist gang nicknamed the "Shankill Butchers" undertakes its first "cut-throat killing"; the gang was named for its late-night kidnapping, torture and murder (by throat slashing) of random Catholic civilians in Belfast.

[Jimbuna]

1778 British explorer Captain James Cook is the first European to visit Maui in the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii)

1789 First national Thanksgiving in America.

1898 SS Portland “The Titanic of New England” leaves for Cape Cod, shipwrecked off Cape Ann, all 192 on board killed.

1914 Battleship HMS Bulwark explodes at Sheerness Harbour, England, 788 die.

1922 English archaeologist Howard Carter opens Tutankhamun's nearly intact tomb in Egypt.

1941 Japanese naval carrier force left its base & moves east toward Pearl Harbor.

1944 Heinrich Himmler orders the destruction of the Auschwitz and Birkenau crematoria.

1950 China enters Korean conflict, sends troops across Yalu River.

2003 Supersonic airplane the Concorde makes its last ever flight, returning to Bristol, England.

[Jimbuna]

1807 Portuguese Royal Family and its court of nearly 15,000 people leave Lisbon for their colony of Brazil to escape invading Napoleonic troops.

[Jimbuna]

1717 Blackbeard attacks and captures a French merchant slave ship, which he renames as his flagship the "Queen Anne's Revenge"

1814 The Times of London is first printed by automatic, steam-powered presses built by German inventors Friedrich Koenig and Andreas Friedrich Bauer, making newspapers available to a mass audience.

1893 Women vote in a national election for the first time, in the New Zealand general election.

1919 American-born Lady Nancy Astor elected as the first female member of the British House of Commons (to take her seat)

1934 Winston Churchill tells British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin not to under estimate German air power.

1946 Dutch Nazi Anton Mussert sentenced to death.

1972 2 members of the IRA are killed in a premature bomb explosion in the Bogside area of Derry.

1974 John Lennon's last concert appearance, as a guest of Elton John, Madison Square Garden, New York City NYC; they perform "Whatever Gets You Thru the Night"; "Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds"; and "I Saw Her Standing There"

[Jimbuna]

1812 Napoleon's Grand Army crosses the Berezina River in retreat from Russia.

1941 Passenger ship Lurline sends radio signal of sighting Japanese war fleet.

1943 U-86 sinks in Atlantic Ocean.

1943 US aircraft carrier Hornet launched.

1947 UN General Assembly vote to allow the partition of Palestine between Arabs & Jews.

1951 First underground atomic explosion at Frenchman Flat in Nevada.

1962 Great Britain & France decide to jointly build the Concorde supersonic airliner.

[Jimbuna]

1016 King of Denmark Cnut the Great [Canute] claims the English throne after the death of Edmund Ironside.

1909 British House of Lords rejects David Lloyd George's 'People's Budget', which tried to shift tax burden to the wealthy. Leads to the Parliament Act; intent to stop unelected house overruling will of the elected house.

1922 Adolf Hitler speaks to 50,000 national-socialists in Munich, Germany.

1941 Japanese Emperor Hirohito consults with admirals Shimada and Nagano.

1942 German supply vessel Uckermark (formerly called the Altmark) explodes & sinks off Yokohama.

1942 U-boats sink and damage 142 allied ships this month (877,774 tons)

1944 Biggest & last British battleship HMS Vanguard launched.

1983 Police free kidnapped beer magnate Alfred Heineken in Amsterdam.

1999 British Aerospace and Marconi Electronic Systems merge to form BAE Systems, Europe's largest defence contractor and fourth largest aerospace firm in the world.

[Jimbuna]

1913 Ford Motor Company institutes the world's first moving assembly line for the Model T Ford.

1915 The US requests that Germany withdraw its military and naval attaches from the Embassy in Washington.

1919 Lady Nancy Astor sworn-in as 1st female member of British Parliament.

1934 Leningrad mayor Sergey Kirov is assassinated, Joseph Stalin uses it as an excuse to begin his Great Purge of 1934-38

1939 SS-Fuhrer Himmler begins deportation of Polish Jews.

1941 British cruiser HMS Dorsetshire forces crew of German submarine supply ship MV Python to scuttle vessel in the South Atlantic 1,150 miles west of South Africa.

1941 Japanese Emperor Hirohito signs declaration of war.

1955 Rosa Parks is arrested for refusing to move to the back of a bus and give her seat to a white passenger in Montgomery, Alabama.

1987 Digging begins to link England & France under English Channel.

1990 British and French workers meet in the middle of the Channel Tunnel under the English Channel.

[Jimbuna]

1804 General Napoleon Bonaparte is crowned Emperor of the French at the Notre Dame de Paris in a ceremony officiated by Pope Pius VII

1823 US President James Monroe declares the "Monroe Doctrine" opposing European colonialism in the Americas, arguing any European political intervention in the New World would be a hostile act against the United States.

1901 American businessman King C. Gillette begins selling safety razor blades.

1941 Japanese Marshal Admiral Yamamoto sends his fleet to Pearl Harbor.

1941 US Naval Intelligence ceases bugging Japanese consul.

[Jimbuna]

1586 Sir Thomas Herriot introduces potatoes to England from Colombia.

1854 Eureka Stockade: In what is claimed by many to be the birth of Australian democracy, more than 20 goldminers at Ballarat, Victoria, are killed by state troopers in an uprising over mining licences.

1917 The Supreme Allied War Council, meeting at Versailles to define war aim, fails to reach an agreement.

1943 Battle of Monte Cassino, Italy begins.

1944 Britain's Home Guard ('Dad's Army') is officially stood down at a special farewell parade in Hyde Park, London.

1967 First human heart transplant performed in South Africa by Dr. Christiaan Barnard on Louis Washkansky.

1984 Bhopal disaster: A Union Carbide pesticide plant leaks 45 tons of methyl isocyanate and other toxic compounds in Bhopal, India, officially killing 2,259 - other estimates are as high as 16,000 (including later deaths) and over half a million injured.

1989 Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and US President George H. W. Bush, declare the Cold War over.

[Jimbuna]

1619 Thirty-eight colonists from Berkeley Parish, England, disembark in Virginia and give thanks to God, considered by many the first Thanksgiving in the Americas.

1908 The world's ten leading maritime nations attend a Naval Conference in London; they agree on rules for blockade, convoys, and seizure of contraband.

1918 US President Woodrow Wilson sails for Versailles Peace Conference in France.

1942 First US citizenship granted to an alien on foreign soil (James Hoey)

1945 Senate approves US participation in United Nations.

1948 SS Kiangya hits mine in Whangpoo River, China, sinks killing 2,750

1949 Duncan Stewart, 2nd British Governor of Sarawak is fatally stabbed in the streets of Sibu by Malay student Rosli Dhoby with help from Morshidi Sidek with the goal of helping neighbouring Indonesia to take over British Sarawak.

1980 Two months after death of drummer John Bonham, Led Zeppelin announces they will disband.

1991 Muslim Shi'ites release last US hostage Terry Anderson (held 6½ years)

[Jimbuna]

1792 George Washington re-elected as US President.

1933 Prohibition ends in the US at 5:32 PM EST when the 21st Amendment to the US Constitution is ratified, repealing the 18th Amendment.

1941 US aircraft carrier Lexington and 5 heavy cruisers leave Pearl Harbor.

1945 Flight 19, the "Lost Squadron" of five torpedo bombers and 14 airmen, is lost east of Florida in the supposed Bermuda Triangle.

1958 Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) is inaugurated in the UK by Queen Elizabeth II when she speaks to the Lord Provost in a call from Bristol to Edinburgh.

[Jimbuna]

1865 13th Amendment of the United States Constitution is ratified, abolishing slavery except as a punishment for crime where the party has been duly convicted.

1917 French munition ship SS Mont Blanc collides with Norwegian SS Imo in Halifax harbour, Canada, resulting explosion kills at least 1,700 and injures more than 9,000 people - world’s largest pre-atomic explosion.

1917 Taking advantage of the temporary relaxation of authority in Russia, Finland declares itself a republic, following the Ukraine on 20 November.

1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty is signed; Ireland receives dominion status; partition creates Northern Ireland.

1941 Dutch & British pilots see Japanese invasion fleet at Singapore.

1971 A woman dies trying to salvage property from the Salvation Army Citadel in Belfast after bomb which started a large fire in an adjoining building.

1990 Saddam Hussein announces release of all foreign hostages.

[Jimbuna]

1872 HMS Challenger sets sail on 3½ year world oceanographic cruise - first expedition to explore the deep sea successfully on a global scale.

1917 The USA's 42nd 'Rainbow' Division arrives in France (with Colonel Douglas MacArthur among its ranks)

1940 The first prototype Fairey Barracuda flew.

1941 1st Japanese midget submarine (No. 20) attacked by a US ship (USS Ward)

1941 Imperial Japanese Navy attacks US Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii; 18 sailors killed, 33 of 36 patrol planes destroyed or damaged, 1st Japanese aircraft shot down in action.

1941 Imperial Japanese Navy with 353 planes attacks the US fleet at Pearl Harbor Naval Base, Hawaii, killing 2,403 people.

1942 USS New Jersey launched, built by Philadelphia Naval Shipyard - US's most decorated warship (decommissioned 1991)

1988 PLO delegation lead by Yasser Arafat proclaims the State of Palestine, recognizing the existence of the State of Israel for the first time.

2022 After widespread public protests, China announces a major loosening of COVID-19 restrictions for the whole country, allowing home quarantine and scrapping QR codes, effectively ending China's zero-COVID policy.

[Otto Harkaman]

USS Pompano SS-181
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png

Although the submarine was awarded a battle star for the attack on Pearl Harbor, she had not yet arrived from Mare Island. Reaching port shortly after the attack, she sailed from Pearl Harbor on 18 December 1941 for her first war patrol, devoted mainly to reconnoitering the eastern Marshall Islands for an aircraft carrier strike in January. Aircraft from Enterprise bombed her in error on 20 December, but she escaped damagehttps://youtu.be/lycV7VlAaK8?si=pckJoze8PATw_E1D

The Pompano's story highlights the resilience and resourcefulness of her crew in the face of adversity.

The USS Pompano (SS-181) was a Tambor-class submarine in the U.S. Navy during World War II, commissioned in 1937. Like other submarines of its class, it faced numerous technical and operational challenges, particularly concerning its engines.

Engine Problems:
The USS Pompano, like many early-war U.S. submarines, used diesel-electric propulsion, which was a standard but sometimes unreliable technology. Specific engine issues included:


Unreliable Diesel Engines: The Fairbanks-Morse engines used in Tambor-class submarines, including the Pompano, were prone to overheating, oil leaks, and difficulty maintaining consistent RPMs. These issues could arise due to design limitations, poor maintenance practices, or the strain of wartime operations.
Carbon Buildup and Fouling: Extended submerged operations often led to engine fouling when the submarine surfaced to recharge batteries. Carbon deposits in exhaust systems could cause backfiring and reduced efficiency.
Cooling System Failures: The engines' cooling systems sometimes failed to manage the intense heat generated during long runs. This was exacerbated in tropical environments, such as the Pacific Theater, where temperatures made cooling even more challenging.
Battery Complications: Since the submarine relied on batteries for submerged propulsion, any failure in the diesel engines to properly charge these batteries jeopardized missions. Overcharging or undercharging batteries could lead to severe operational limitations or even dangerous gas buildup.

Operational Adaptations:
Despite these setbacks, the USS Pompano’s crew and engineers displayed ingenuity and determination:


Field Repairs: Crew members often performed makeshift repairs while at sea, using limited tools and parts to keep the submarine operational.
Conservation Measures: The crew adapted by conserving fuel and battery power, often modifying mission plans to avoid long transits or extended submerged operations.
Surface Cruising: When feasible, the Pompano would cruise on the surface to maximize engine output and reduce wear on its submerged systems.

Legacy:
While the engine problems were a constant source of frustration, they were symptomatic of broader issues with early U.S. submarine design and wartime demands. Despite these challenges, the Pompano conducted numerous patrols and made significant contributions before its mysterious loss in 1943, likely due to enemy mines or depth charges.

[Aktungbby]

1941 1st Japanese midget submarine (No. 20) attacked by a US ship (USS Ward)
....the very definition of "Minnesota Nice" :yeah: inasmuch as the gun crew was from that
state; and the cannon still sits on the state capital grounds at St Paul. :Kaleun_Salute: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/USS_Ward_4_inch_gun_Minnesota_Capitol.jpg/800px-USS_Ward_4_inch_gun_Minnesota_Capitol.jpg

[Raf1394]

USS Pompano SS-181
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png

https://youtu.be/lycV7VlAaK8?si=pckJoze8PATw_E1D

The Pompano's story highlights the resilience and resourcefulness of her crew in the face of adversity.

The USS Pompano (SS-181) was a Tambor-class submarine in the U.S. Navy during World War II, commissioned in 1937. Like other submarines of its class, it faced numerous technical and operational challenges, particularly concerning its engines.

Engine Problems:
The USS Pompano, like many early-war U.S. submarines, used diesel-electric propulsion, which was a standard but sometimes unreliable technology. Specific engine issues included:


Unreliable Diesel Engines: The Fairbanks-Morse engines used in Tambor-class submarines, including the Pompano, were prone to overheating, oil leaks, and difficulty maintaining consistent RPMs. These issues could arise due to design limitations, poor maintenance practices, or the strain of wartime operations.
Carbon Buildup and Fouling: Extended submerged operations often led to engine fouling when the submarine surfaced to recharge batteries. Carbon deposits in exhaust systems could cause backfiring and reduced efficiency.
Cooling System Failures: The engines' cooling systems sometimes failed to manage the intense heat generated during long runs. This was exacerbated in tropical environments, such as the Pacific Theater, where temperatures made cooling even more challenging.
Battery Complications: Since the submarine relied on batteries for submerged propulsion, any failure in the diesel engines to properly charge these batteries jeopardized missions. Overcharging or undercharging batteries could lead to severe operational limitations or even dangerous gas buildup.

Operational Adaptations:
Despite these setbacks, the USS Pompano’s crew and engineers displayed ingenuity and determination:


Field Repairs: Crew members often performed makeshift repairs while at sea, using limited tools and parts to keep the submarine operational.
Conservation Measures: The crew adapted by conserving fuel and battery power, often modifying mission plans to avoid long transits or extended submerged operations.
Surface Cruising: When feasible, the Pompano would cruise on the surface to maximize engine output and reduce wear on its submerged systems.

Legacy:
While the engine problems were a constant source of frustration, they were symptomatic of broader issues with early U.S. submarine design and wartime demands. Despite these challenges, the Pompano conducted numerous patrols and made significant contributions before its mysterious loss in 1943, likely due to enemy mines or depth charges.

This was an interesting video to watch !

[Jimbuna]

1912 Wilhelm II of Germany calls 'War Council'

1914 Battle of the Falkland Island: British Royal Navy destroys a German battle squadron.

1915 John McCrae's poem "In Flanders Fields" appears anonymously in "Punch" magazine.

1941 US and Britain declare war on Japan, US enters World War II

1941 US President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivers his famous "Day of Infamy" speech to a joint session of Congress a day after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

1953 Dwight D. Eisenhower gives his "Atoms for Peace" speech at the United Nations in New York.

1966 US and USSR sign treaty to prohibit nuclear weapons in outer space.

[Jimbuna]

1941 Adolf Hitler orders US ships and those loyal to her to be torpedoed - 3 days before declaring war on the US

1992 US Marines and allied nations launch an amphibious and airborne operation in Mogadishu, Somalia to restore order to the war-torn nation. Authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 794 passed on December 3.

2000 Tottenham defender Ledley King scores fastest goal in English Premier League history when he nets after 9.82 seconds in 3-3 draw at Bradford City.

[Jimbuna]

1919 Nobel Peace Prize awarded to US President Woodrow Wilson.

1926 2nd part of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf published.

1936 Edward VIII signs Instrument of Abdication, giving up the British throne to marry American divorcee Wallis Simpson.

1942 An early report of the Holocaust prepared by the Polish government-in-exile, using information obtained by Witold Pilecki, is addressed to UN member states.

[Jimbuna]

1620 Mayflower Pilgrims come ashore in Plymouth Bay, traditionally thought to be at Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts.

1913 "Mona Lisa" recovered two years after it was stolen from the Louvre Museum.

1917 13 black soldiers hanged for participation in Houston riot.

1946 United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) is established by resolution 57(I) of the UN General Assembly.

1997 Delegates from 150 industrial nations attending a UN climate conference in Kyoto, Japan, reach agreement to control heat-trapping greenhouse gases.

[Jimbuna]

1901 Guglielmo Marconi sends the first transatlantic radio signal, from Poldhu in Cornwall to Newfoundland, Canada.

1915 1st all-metal aircraft (Junkers J-1) test flown at Dessau, Germany.

1937 Japanese aircraft shell & sink US gunboat Panay on Yangtze River in China. (Japan apologized & eventually paid US $2.2M in reparations)

1946 United Nations accepts six Manhattan blocks as a gift from John D. Rockefeller Jr.

2000 US Supreme Court releases its 5-4 decision in Bush v. Gore, settling the recount dispute in Florida's 2000 presidential election in George W. Bush's favor and thus handing him the presidency over Al Gore.

[Jimbuna]

1577 Francis Drake sets sail from England on an epic three year circumnavigation of the world aboard the 'Pelican' (later renamed the 'Golden Hind')

1636 The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians. Recognized today as the founding of the United States National Guard.

1920 League of Nations establishes the International Court of Justice in The Hague.

1939 Battle of the River Plate - 3 British cruisers vs German pocket battleship Graf Spee.

1944 Japanese kamikaze crashes into US cruiser Nashville, kills 138

2002 The European Union announces that Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia will become members from May 1, 2004

2003 Former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein is captured near his home town of Tikrit, during Operation Red Dawn by US forces.

[Jimbuna]

1774 First incident of American Revolution - 400 New Hampshire militiamen successfully attack Fort William and Mary.

1812 The French invasion of Russia, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, officially ends with the French having lost as many as 530,000 people.

1918 Sinn Féin candidates win 73 of 105 Irish seats in UK general election, though all will refuse to take seats in Westminster, instead meeting at a Dail Eireann in Dublin.

1941 Premier Winston Churchill travels to US on board HMS Duke of York.

1941 U-557 torpedoes British cruiser Galatea.

[Jimbuna]

1840 Napoleon Bonaparte receives a French state funeral in Paris 19 years after his death.

1914 British fleet forfeits chance to destroy German fleet in North Sea.

1941 German submarine U-127 sinks.

1941 USS Swordfish becomes 1st US sub to sink a Japanese ship.

1961 Court in Israel sentences Nazi party official Adolf Eichmann to death for war crimes for his participation in organizing the Holocaust.

1973 American Psychiatric Association declares homosexuality is not a mental illness.

[Jimbuna]

1653 Parliamentarian General Oliver Cromwell appointed as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.

1773 Boston tea party incident - Sons of Liberty protesters throw tea shipments into Boston harbor in protest against British imposed Tea Act.

1907 As a gesture of the US's new presence as a world power, President Theodore Roosevelt sends the 'Great White Fleet' on a round-the-world cruise, visiting ports internationally.

1914 German warships fire more than 500 shells on northern English towns of Scarborough, Whitby and Hartlepool - 1st time English civilians targeted during the war - kill 137 people.

1944 Nazi Germany launches a counteroffensive against the Allies in the Ardennes region of Belgium, beginning the 'Battle of the Bulge'

1998 Iraq disarmament crisis: Operation Desert Fox - the United States and United Kingdom bomb targets in Iraq to degrade its ability to produce, store, maintain, and deliver weapons of mass destruction.

[Jimbuna]

1900 First prize of 100,000 francs is offered for communication with extraterrestrials, with Martians excluded as they are considered too easy.

1903 The Wright brothers make the first sustained motorized aircraft flight at 10:35 AM, piloted by Orville Wright at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

1939 German pocket battleship Graf Spee scuttled by its crew off Uruguay.

1986 Davina Thompson makes medical history by having the first heart, lung, and liver transplant at Papworth Hospital in Cambridge, England.

[Jimbuna]

1642 Abel Tasman's expedition is the first European voyage to reach New Zealand sailing into Wharewharangi Bay at the top of the South Island, making the first confirmed contact with Maori.

1916 Battle of Verdun, longest of World War I, officially ends in German defeat after nine months of fighting and almost 1 million total casualties.

1917 The 18th Amendment to the US Constitution, authorizing prohibition of alcohol, is approved by the US congress and sent to the states for ratification.

1941 44 surviving crewmen of German U-434 surrender to the HMS Blankney after scuttling their wounded submarine. Two are lost.

1944 US Destroyers Hull, Spence & Monaghan sink in typhoon (Philippines)

1957 World's first full scale nuclear power plant, for peacetime use only, begins to generate electricity at the Shippingport Atomic Power Station in Pennsylvania.

1971 Three members of the Irish Republican Army die when the bomb they were transporting explodes prematurely in King Street, Magherafelt, County Derry.

2019 US House of Representatives votes to impeach President Donald Trump for abuse of power (230-197) and obstruction of Congress (229-198)

[Jimbuna]

1932 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) begins transmitting overseas.

1941 Adolf Hitler takes complete command of German Army.

1941 German submarine U-574 sinks.

1950 General Eisenhower named NATO commander.

1958 First radio broadcast from space, US President Dwight D. Eisenhower sends a Christmas message "to all mankind, America's wish for peace on Earth and goodwill to men everywhere"

1983 The original FIFA World Cup trophy, the Jules Rimet Trophy, is stolen from the headquarters of the Brazilian Football Confederation in Rio de Janeiro.

1984 Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher sign the Sino-British Joint Declaration to transfer Hong Kong back to China in 1997

1988 Unexploded WW II bomb found in Frankfurt, Germany-5,000 evacuated.

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1860 South Carolina General Assembly votes 169-0 to secede from the United States, declaring itself an "independent commonwealth". Is quickly followed by other Southern states triggering the American Civil War.

1917 Soviet state security force and forerunner to the KGB, the Cheka forms, under Felix Dzerzhinsky after decree by Vladimir Lenin.

1924 Adolf Hitler freed from jail early, having served only nine months of five-year sentence for "Beer Hall Putsch"

1941 World War II: First battle of the American Volunteer Group, better known as the "Flying Tigers" in Kunming, China.

1944 Battle of Bastogne: Nazis surround 101st Airborne (NUTS!)

1957 Elvis Presley receives his draft notice to join the US Army for national service.

1960 Auschwitz commandant Richard Bar arrested in German FR

[Aktungbby]

1960 Auschwitz commandant Richard Bar arrested in German FR "Best spell it like Baer." :D He died in custody before being tried... 'prisoner at the bar-wise'.

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1939 Adolf Hitler names Adolf Eichmann leader of "Referat IV B", responsible for evictions and Jewish immigration.

1958 Charles De Gaulle wins 7 year term as 1st President of the 5th Republic of France.

1968 Glen Campbell's album "Wichita Lineman" goes to #1 in the US

1970 Elvis Presley meets US President Richard Nixon in the White House - the image of this meeting is the most requested photo from the entire National Archives.

1988 A terrorist bomb destroys Pan Am Flight 103 mid-air over Scotland, killing all 259 passengers and crew on board and 11 people on the ground.

1991 Soviet Union formally dissolves as 11 of 12 republics sign treaty forming the Commonwealth of Independent States.

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1941 Winston Churchill arrives in Washington, D.C. for a wartime conference.

1942 World War II: Adolf Hitler signs the order to develop the V-2 rocket as a weapon.

1944 Germans demand surrender of American troops at Bastogne, Belgium.

1944 Sub Swordfish departs Pearl Harbor for Japan.

1963 Cruise ship Lakonia burns 180 miles north of Madeira with the loss of 128 lives.

1963 Official 30-day mourning period for President John F. Kennedy ends.

1964 First flight of the US aircraft Lockheed SR-71, reaches 3,530 kph (record for a jet)

1974 Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb home of former UK Prime Minister, Edward Heath, just before announcing Christmas ceasefire (no-one injured)

1989 After 23 years of dictatorial rule, Romania ousts communist dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu.

2010 Repeal of the "Don't Ask Don't Tell policy", a 17-year-old policy banning homosexuals serving openly in the US military, signed into law by President Barack Obama.

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1783 US General George Washington resigns his military commission as Commander-in-Chief of the Army to Congress.

1888 Vincent van Gogh cuts off his left ear with a razor, after argument with fellow painter Paul Gauguin, and sends to a female courtesan for safe keeping.

1920 Government of Ireland Act / Home Rule Act passes, partitioning Ireland.

1933 Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe sentenced to death for setting the German Reichstag on fire.

1941 American forces on Wake Island surrender to Japanese.

1943 General Bernard Montgomery told he is appointed commandant for D-day.

1972 16 plane crash survivors rescued from Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 after 72 days on the Andean Mountains, after only surviving through cannibalism.

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1814 Treaty of Ghent signed, ending the War of 1812 between the United States, the United Kingdom and their allies.

1914 German plane drops bombs on Dover, England.

1922 BBC broadcasts first British radio play "The Truth about Father Christmas"

1941 First ships of admiral Nagumo's Pearl Harbor fleet return to Japan.

1942 First powered flight of V-1 'buzz bomb', Peenemunde, Germany.

1943 US President FDR appoints General Eisenhower as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces.

1946 US General MacNarney gives 800,000 "minor Nazis" amnesty.

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1915 US Iron and Steel workers begin a 3-week strike in Ohio for an eight-hour-day; they are successful as the US needs steel for armaments.

1932 Emperor Hirohito of Japan narrowly evades an assassination attempt by a Korean independence activist, Lee Bong-chang.

1943 German warship "Scharnhorst" sinks in Barents Sea.

1943 Montgomery discusses Operation Overlord (D-day landings) with Eisenhower & Bedell Smith.

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1915 Today the British Cabinet recognizes the true nature of the war by deciding to institute compulsory military service, with single men to be conscripted before married ones.

1934 First ever Women's cricket international begins England vs Australia in Australia.

1944 Dutch Resistance fighter Corrie ten Boom is accidentally released from the Ravensbrück concentration camp, living to speak and educate of her experience in "The Hiding Place"

1950 Chinese troops cross 38th Parallel, into South Korea.

1950 The Peak District becomes the United Kingdom's 1st National Park.

1972 Nazi leader Martin Bormann's skeleton and remains are found in Berlin.

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1170 English Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket assassinated before the high altar of Canterbury Cathedral by four knights.

1812 The USS Constitution under the command of Captain William Bainbridge, captures the HMS Java off the coast of Brazil after a three hour battle.

1845 Texas is admitted as the 28th state of the Union.

1891 Edison patents "transmission of signals electrically" (radio)

1934 Japan renounces Wash Naval Treaty of 1922 and London Treaty of 1930

1937 Constitution of Ireland (Irish: Bunreacht na hÉireann) is enacted and Irish free state is named Eire.

1939 First flight of the Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber prototype.

1940 Worst German air raid on London as over 10,000 bombs including the 1st incendiary bombs are dropped on the city as part of the Blitz.

1944 General Eisenhower's train returns to Versailles.

1997 Hong Kong begins slaughtering all its chickens to prevent bird flu.

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1915 Cromarty Harbour, Scotland - British cruiser Natal explodes: 405 die.

1941 In an emotional speech to the Canadian Parliament Winston Churchill states Britain will never surrender to "Hitler and his Nazi gang" and that "they have asked for total war. Let us make sure they get it". Afterwards Yousef Karsh captures him in his famous photograph, "The Roaring Lion".

1952 Tuskegee Inst reports 1952 as 1st yr in 71 with no lynchings in US

1959 George Washington, 1st ballistic missile sub commissioned.

1970 The financial cost of the disturbances and riots in Northern Ireland during 1969 and 1970 are today estimated to be £5.5 million.

1971 A member of the Irish Republican Army is killed in a premature bomb explosion in Santry, Dublin.

1972 US President Richard Nixon halts bombing of North Vietnam & announces peace talks.

1974 Beatles are legally disbanded (4 years after suit was brought)

2016 British singer-songwriter Ray Davies, of The Kinks, is awarded a knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II

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1775 Battle of Quebec: American Continental Army led by Richard Montgomery is defeated trying to take the British stronghold of Quebec City in the American Revolutionary War, General Montgomery is killed and Benedict Arnold is injured.

1862 Union ironclad ship "Monitor" sank off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.

1879 Edison gives 1st public demonstration of his incandescent lamp.

1958 Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista informs his cabinet he is fleeing the country.

1984 US leaves UNESCO

1994 Largest free concert in the world occurs when Rod Stewart performs in front of four million people at Copacabana Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

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1818 Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus" is published anonymously by the small London publishing house of Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones.

1877 Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India.

1910 British naval officer David Beatty is promoted to rear-admiral.

1917 T. E. Lawrence joins the forces of the Arabian sheik Feisal al Husayn, beginning his adventures that will lead him to Damascus by October, 1918

1930 Claus von Stauffenberg promoted to 2nd lieutenant.

1932 Rasse und Siedlungshauptamt publishes Himmler's wedding laws - SS men have to prove their Aryan descent in order to have children.

1942 US and 25 other countries sign a united declaration against the Axis.

1943 German officer Claus von Stauffenberg promoted to lt-colonel.

1946 Emperor Hirohito of Japan announces he is not a god.

1957 An Irish Republican Army (IRA) unit attacks Brookeborough Royal Ulster Constabulary barracks in one of the most famous incidents of the IRA's Operation Harvest.

1957 Fergal O'Hanlon, Irish Republican Army volunteer, killed during the Brookeborough Raid, at 20

1962 Beatles' Decca Records audition is unsuccessful - they are told “guitar groups are on the way out..."

1970 The Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), an infantry regiment of the British Army, comes into existence.

1976 Liberty Bell moves to new home across the street from Independence Hall, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

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1833 Re-establishment of British rule over the Falkland Islands.

1885 General Wolseley receives last distress signal of General Gordon in Khartoum.

1913 Australia releases its first national stamp - a kangaroo on a map of Australia.

1942 World War II: The 28 nations at war with the Axis powers pledge to make no separate peace deals.

1944 First use of helicopters in warfare (British Atlantic patrol)

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1842 Charles Dickens and his wife Catherine leave Liverpool, England for America on board the RMS Britannia.

1911 The Siege of Sidney Street: fire fight breaks out in London's East End between Latvian gang and Police, who request army back-up. First Siege caught on camera by Pathé News with Winston Churchill observing.

1925 Benito Mussolini dissolves the Italian parliament and proclaims himself dictator of Italy, taking the title "Il Duce" (the Leader)

1941 Canada and the US acquire air bases in Newfoundland on a 99-year lease.

1944 World War II: Top US flying ace Major Pappy Boyington shot down in his Corsair by Japanese Captain Masajiro Kawato flying a Zero (survives as POW)

1972 The Irish Republican Army (IRA) explodes a bomb in Callender Street, Belfast, injuring over 60 people.

1984 Syria frees captured US pilot after appeal from Jesse Jackson.

1988 Margaret Thatcher becomes longest-serving British Prime Minister of the century.

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1847 Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol to the United States government.

1939 Hermann Goering appoints Reinhard Heydrich head of Jewish Emigration.

1945 US jeep-aircraft carrier Ommaney Bay sinks after Japanese kamikaze attack.

1951 Korean War: Chinese forces recapture Seoul.

1961 Longest recorded strike ends as the Danish barbers' assistants end a 33 year strike.

1981 British police arrest Peter Sutcliffe, the "Yorkshire Ripper"

2007 The 110th United States Congress convenes and elects Nancy Pelosi as the first female Speaker of the House.

2021 First Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines are given to the general public, with 82-year-old Brian Pinker in the UK the first to receive the jab.

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1900 Irish leader John Edward Redmond calls for a revolt against British rule.

1919 German Workers' Party forms, precursor to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi)

1930 Bonnie Parker meets Clyde Barrow for the first time at Clarence Clay's house.

1944 The Daily Mail becomes the first transoceanic newspaper.

1961 The Beatles perform with Paul McCartney on bass guitar for the 1st time, at Litherland Town Hall, in Lancashire, England.

1981 Peter Sutcliffe, a truck driver confesses that he is the "Yorkshire Ripper" and murdered 13 women.

2004 "Kinks" singer-songwriter Ray Davies (59) shot in the leg while chasing a 25-year old mugger in New Orleans, Louisiana.

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1933 Clyde Barrow kills Tarrant County Deputy Sheriff Malcolm Davis after walking into a trap set for another criminal.

1940 Mass execution of Poles, committed by Germans in the city of Poznań, Warthegau.

1941 US President Franklin Roosevelt delivers his "Four Freedoms" speech (freedom of speech and worship; freedom from want and fear) during his US State of the Union address.

1975 A thousand Led Zeppelin fans, waiting overnight inside the lobby of the Boston Garden for tickets to the group's February 4th gig to go on sale, cause a riot and an estimated $30,000 damage.

2021 Supporters of US President Donald Trump storm the Capitol in Washington during the congressional certification of Joe Biden and Kamala Harris's win, resulting in five deaths and prompting evacuation of lawmakers and Vice President Mike Pence.

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1915 World War I: Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm approves strategic bombing of Britain, but forbids bombing London, fearing his relatives in the royal family might be killed.

1916 In response to pressure from President Woodrow Wilson, Germany notifies the US State Department that it will abide by strict international rules of maritime warfare.

1942 WWII siege of Bataan in the Philippines starts (Americans and Filippino forces surrender in April)

1944 US Air Force announces production of 1st US jet fighter, the Bell P-59

1945 Lord Haw-Haw (William Joyce) reports total German victory in the Ardennes.

1953 US President Harry Truman announces American development of the hydrogen bomb.

1999 President Bill Clinton's Impeachment trial begins in the US Senate after the House voted to impeach him for lying about his affair with Monica Lewinsky.

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1790 First US President George Washington delivers the first State of the Union address.

1835 US national debt is $0 for the first and only time in history.

1877 Crazy Horse and his Sioux warriors fight their last battle with the United States Cavalry at Wolf Mountain (Montana Territory).

1902 New York state assemblyman Francis G. ​Landon gets a bill passed to criminalize men turning around on a street and "looking at a woman in that way"

1940 Britain's first World War II rationing includes bacon, butter, and sugar.

[Aktungbby]

1940 Britain's first World War II rationing includes bacon, butter, and sugar. Thank god for Minnesota SPAM!:Kaleun_Salivating: During World War II, Spam became a staple food in Britain due to the Lend-Lease Act, where the United States shipped large quantities of the canned meat to the UK as part of their war aid, providing much-needed protein to the British population facing strict food rationing; even future Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher later referred to Spam as a "wartime delicacy".
Key points about Spam in Britain during WWII:
Rationing and Supply:
Because of food shortages caused by the war, British people relied heavily on rationed food, and Spam, with its long shelf life, became a key source of protein in these rations.
American Import:
Spam was produced by the Hormel company in the US and was shipped to Britain through the Lend-Lease program.
"Wartime Delicacy":
Despite some people finding the taste unappealing, due to the scarcity of other protein sources during the war, many Britons considered Spam a valuable addition to their diet and even viewed it as a "wartime delicacy".
Cultural Impact:
The association of Spam with the war period left a lasting impression on British culture, with some people still enjoying Spam today, particularly in dishes like Spam fritters. https://youtu.be/ycKNt0MhTkk

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1816 France decrees Bonaparte family excluded from the country forever.

1913 After using other pseudonyms over the years, Josef Dzhugashvili signs himself as Stalin ("man of steel") in a letter to the newspaper Social Democrat.

1916 Max Immelmann and Oswald Boelcke receive the Pour le Merite, the German Empire's highest military award, for achieving eight aerial victories each over Allied aircraft.

1945 German forces in Belgium retreat in Battle of Bulge.

1945 US Task Force 38 destroys 41 Japanese ships in Battle of South China Sea.

1949 Dutch court affirms death sentence against SS chief Hanns Rauter.

1950 Swedish tanker rams British submarine Truculent in Thames, 64 die.

1950 USSR re-introduces death penalty for treason, espionage & sabotage.

1962 Operation Ranch Hand begins, a US Air Force operation to spray South Vietnamese forests with defoliants such as Agent Orange.

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1888 The National Geographic Society is founded in Washington, D.C. for "the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge"

1908 Henri Farman becomes the first person to fly an observed circuit of more than 1km, winning the Grand Prix d'Aviation.

1915 Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty, presents plan for assault on Dardanelles.

1923 Taking advantage of the chaotic condition of Germany, Hitler stages a demonstration of 5000 storm troopers and denounces the 'November crime'

1942 Operation Drumbeat (Paukenschlag): German U-boats begin harassing shipping on North American Atlantic coast (198 ships sunk by April)

1942 World War II: First use of aircraft ejection seat by a German test pilot in a Heinkel He 280 jet fighter.

1943 Adolf Hitler declares "Total War" against the Allies.

1958 9,000 scientists of 43 nations petition UN for nuclear test ban.

1983 AMA urges ban on boxing, cites Muhammad Ali's deteriorating condition.

1992 Japan apologizes for forcing Korean women into sexual slavery during World War II

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1784 US Congress of the Confederation ratifies the Treaty of Paris, signed September 3, 1783, ending the Revolutionary War, and forwards it to Great Britain.

1943 World War II: Casablanca Conference begins between Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and other Allied representatives.

1943 World War II: Franklin D. Roosevelt travels from Miami to Morocco to meet with Winston Churchill, becoming the first American president to travel overseas by airplane.

1960 US Army promotes Elvis Presley to Sergeant.

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1815 War of 1812: the USS President, an American frigate, is captured by four British frigates.

1922 Arthur Griffith is elected president of the Irish Free State after Eamon de Valera resigns in opposition to the Anglo-Irish Treaty (De Valera will lead a military opposition seeking a unified and independent Ireland)

1940 German U-Boot torpedoes Dutch merchant ship Arendskerk (Eagle's Church)

1943 World's largest office building, the Pentagon is completed to house the US military.

1944 General Eisenhower arrives in England to take up his command as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force.

1944 Vught Concentration Camp puts 74 women in 1 cell, 10 die.

1945 The Manhattan Project's G-5 Group, headed by Physicist's Donald Kerst and Seth Neddermeyer, take their first betatron pictures of a nuclear implosion at the Los Alamos Laboratory.

1962 Battle of Arafura Sea: Dutch destroyers intercept and destroy three Indonesian torpedo boats attempting to land marines on the territory of Netherlands New Guinea as part of the Soviet-Indonesian Operation Trikora.

1970 Muammar Gaddafi is proclaimed Chairman of Libyan Revolutionary Command Council - de facto head of state.

1987 Police officer who mistakenly shot and paralysed an innocent woman in Brixton, UK, is cleared of all criminal charges.

1991 Elizabeth II signs letters patent that allows Australia to institute its own Victoria Cross, the first Commonwealth realm to do so.

2001 Wikipedia a free Wiki or content encyclopedia is launched by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger.

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1773 Captain James Cook becomes the first to cross Antarctic Circle (66° 33' S)

1827 Duke of Wellington appointed British supreme commander.

1912 Captain Robert Scott's expedition arrives at the South Pole, one month after Roald Amundsen.

1945 Nazis begin evacuation of Auschwitz concentration camp to other camps in Austria and Germany as the Red Army advanced across Poland.

1946 United Nations Security Council holds its 1st meeting, at Westminster Central Hall in Westminster, England.

1991 Operation Desert Storm begins, with US-led coalition forces bombing Iraq, during the Gulf War.

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1788 First elements of the First Fleet carrying 736 convicts from England to Australia arrives at Botany Bay to set up a penal colony.

1943 Soviets announce they have broken the long siege of Leningrad by Nazi Germany by opening a narrow land corridor, though the siege would not be fully lifted until a year later.

1981 Iran accepts US offer of $7.9 billion in frozen assets.

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1812 After a ten-day siege, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, orders British soldiers of the Light and Third Divisions to storm Ciudad Rodrigo during the Peninsular War.

1915 World War I: 4 people in Norfolk are killed in the 1st German Zeppelin air raid attack on the United Kingdom.

1940 The Three Stooges film "You Nazty Spy!" about the Nazis released with the disclaimer "Any resemblance between the characters in this picture and any persons, living or dead, is a miracle."

1977 US President Ford pardons Iva Toguri D'Aquino (Tokyo Rose)

1991 Iraq fires SCUD missiles at Tel Aviv and other cities in Israel during the Gulf War.

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1841 China cedes Hong Kong to the British during the First Opium War.

1870 "City of Boston" vanishes at sea with all 177 aboard.

1879 British troops under Lord Chelmsford make camp at Isandlwana.

1887 US Senate approves naval base lease of Pearl Harbor.

1921 British submarine HMS K5 (which was unusually equipped with steam turbines) sinks with 57 crew during exercises in the Bay of Biscay.

1921 Republic of Turkey is declared from the remnants of the Ottoman Empire.

1942 Nazi officials hold the notorious Wannsee Conference in Berlin to organize the "final solution", the extermination of Europe's Jews.

1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt sworn-in for an unprecedented (and never to be repeated) 4th term as US President.

1953 1st live US coast-to-coast inauguration address (Eisenhower)

1981 The US diplomats and citizens held hostage at the US embassy in Tehran are released and begin their journey home after 444 days.

[Aktungbby]

1793: King Louis XVI, condemned for treason was:/\\chop'd:rotfl2: ie: sometimes "it's not good 2 be king"?!! :|\\

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1879 Battle of Rorke's Drift: British garrison of 150 holds off 3,000-4,000 Zulu warriors. Eleven Victoria Crosses and several other decorations are awarded to the defenders.

1879 Zulu warriors attack British Army camp in Isandhlwana, South Africa.

1905 In St Petersburg, Russia, a large demonstration of workers led by Father Gapon, march to the Winter Palace with a petition to the Tsar; troops fire on protesters in what becomes known as 'Bloody Sunday'

1908 Katie Mulcahey is arrested for lighting a cigarette, violating the one-day-old "Sullivan Ordinance" banning women from smoking in public, and is fined $5. Appearing before the judge, she states, “I’ve got as much right to smoke as you have. I never heard of this new law, and I don’t want to hear about it. No man shall dictate to me.”

1972 An anti-internment march is held at Magilligan strand, County Derry; as the march nears the internment camp it is stopped by members of the Green Jackets and the Parachute Regiment of the British Army, who used barbed wire to close off the beach.

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1795 War of the First Coalition: French cavalry captures 14 Dutch ships and 850 guns near the port of Den Helder - rare instance of cavalry capturing a fleet.

1945 Karl Dönitz launches Operation Hannibal to evacuate German soldiers and civilians from Prussia by sea.

1950 Israeli Knesset declares Jerusalem the capital of Israel.

1968 Spy ship USS Pueblo & 83-man crew seized in Sea of Japan by North Korea.

1973 US President Richard Nixon announces an accord has been reached to end the Vietnam War.

1978 Sweden becomes the first nation in the world to ban aerosol sprays, due to their harmful effect on the earth's ozone layer.

2020 China locks down the city of Wuhan and its 9 million people in a belated but ultimately successful effort to control the city's COVID-19 outbreak.

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41 Claudius succeeds his nephew Caligula as Roman Emperor after the latter's assassination by officers of the Praetorian Guard.

1908 Lieutenant General Robert Baden-Powell publishes "Scouting for Boys" as a manual for self-instruction in outdoor skills and self-improvement. The book becomes the inspiration for the Scout Movement.

1943 Adolf Hitler orders German troops at Stalingrad to fight to the death.

1943 Jewish patients, nurses and doctors incinerated at Auschwitz-Birkenau.

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41 After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate.

1777 Americans drag a cannon up a hill of Kingsbridge Road in the Bronx, New York to fight the British, giving added significance to the area's historic name of Greate Gunn Hill; the name of the road was changed to Gun Hill Road in 1875

1840 American naval expedition under Charles Wilkes is first to identify Antarctica as a new continent.

1949 First Israeli election won by David Ben-Gurion's Mapai party.

1971 Military coup in Uganda led by Major General Idi Amin.

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1777 Captain James Cook stops in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) with Resolution, for supplies, on his 3rd trip to Pacific Ocean.

1788 Captain Arthur Phillip and British colonists hoist the Union Flag at Sydney Cove, New South Wales, now celebrated as Australia Day. Referred to as Invasion Day by some First Nations people.

1841 Hong Kong proclaimed a sovereign territory of Britain.

1942 1st US force in Europe during WWII go ashore in Northern Ireland.

1968 Israeli submarine Dakar sinks in Mediterranean Sea, 69 die.

1998 President Bill Clinton says "I want to say one thing to the American people; I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky"

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1820 Russian Antarctic expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev discover the continent of Antarctica.

1924 Vladimir Lenin is placed in a Mausoleum in Red Square, Moscow.

1939 First flight of the Lockheed P-38 Lightning.

1941 Peruvian ambassador Ricardo Rivera-Schreiber warns American Ambassador of Japanese assault on Pearl Harbor.

1945 Soviet troops liberate Auschwitz and Birkenau Concentration Camps in Poland - now commemorated as International Holocaust Remembrance Day.

1951 US begins 126 nuclear tests at Nevada Test Site.

1967 Fire in NASA's Apollo 1 Command Module kills astronauts Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger B. Chaffee during a launch rehearsal.

1968 French submarine Minerve disappears in the Mediterranean with the loss of 52 crew.

1972 The British Army and the Irish Republican Army engage in gun battles near County Armagh; British troops fire over 1,000 rounds of ammunition.

1972 Two Royal Ulster Constabulary officers shot dead by IRA in an attack on their patrol car in the Creggan Road, Derry.

1973 Paris Peace Accords signed by US Secretary of State William P. Rogers, (North) Vietnam Minister for Foreign Affairs Nguyen Duy Trinh, Republic of South Vietnam Minister of Foreign Affairs Nguyễn Thị Bình, and Republic of Vietnam Minister for Foreign Affairs Trần Văn Lắm, ending America's then longest war and it's military draft.

1992 Presidential candidate Bill Clinton (D) & Genifer Flowers accuse each other of lying over her assertion they had a 12-year affair.

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1807 London's Pall Mall becomes the first street lit by gaslight.

1915 1st US ship lost in WW I, William P. Frye (carrying wheat to UK)

1942 WW II Navy flier Don Mason sends message "Sighted sub sank same"

1944 U-271 & U-571 sunk off Ireland.

1980 USCGC Blackthorn (WLB-391) collides with the tanker Capricorn while leaving Tampa Florida and capsizes killing 23 Coast Guard crewmembers.

1986 Space Shuttle Challenger explodes 73 seconds after liftoff from Cape Canaveral, killing all seven crew members, including Christa McAuliffe, who was to be the first teacher in space.

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1595 William Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet" is thought to have been first performed. Officially published early 1597.

1879 Custer Battlefield National Monument established in Montana.

1886 Karl Benz patents the "Benz Patent-Motorwagen" in Karlsruhe, Germany, the world's first automobile with an internal combustion engine.

1916 1st bombing of Paris by German Zeppelins takes place.

1917 British submarine K13 sank in Gaire Loch, Scotland; killing 32 of her crew.

1943 New Zealand cruiser Kiwi collides with Japanese submarine I-1 at Guadalcanal.

1943 U.S. cruiser "Chicago" is heavily damaged by Japanese bombers on the first day of the Battle of Rennell Island.

1944 USS Missouri, the last battleship commissioned by the US Navy, is launched.

1985 Oxford University refuses to award Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher an honorary degree.

2002 US President George W. Bush in his State of the Union address describes "regimes that sponsor terror" as an "Axis of Evil," which includes Iraq, Iran, and North Korea.

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1661 Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England is ritually executed after having been dead for two years.

1933 President Paul von Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler as Reich Chancellor of Germany who forms a government with Franz von Papen.

1939 Adolf Hitler threatens Jews during his speech to the German Reichstag (Parliament)

1948 Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated in the garden of the New Delhi home he is visiting by Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse.

1965 State funeral for Winston Churchill at St Paul's Cathedral in London; at the time, the world's largest-ever state funeral.

1972 Bloody Sunday: 27 unarmed civilians are shot (14 are killed) by the British Army during a civil rights march in Derry, Northern Ireland; the highest death toll from a single shooting incident during 'The Troubles'

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1917 Germany notifies US that U-boats will attack neutral merchant ship.

1918 A series of accidental collisions on a misty Scottish night leads to the loss of two Royal Navy submarines with over a hundred lives, and damage to another five British warships.

1933 Adolf Hitler promises parliamentary democracy.

1943 German Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus surrenders to Soviet troops at Stalingrad.

1944 Operation-Overlord (D-Day) postponed until June.

1944 U-592 sunk off Ireland.

1950 US President Harry Truman publicly announces support for the development of a hydrogen bomb.

1961 USAF launches Samos spy satellite to replace U-2 flights.

1985 South African President P. W. Botha offers to free Nelson Mandela if he denounces violence.

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1587 Queen Elizabeth I of England signs the death warrant for her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots.

1917 German Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz announces unrestricted submarine warfare against allied shipping.

1918 German spy Lothar Witzke arrested by CIP agent Byron S. Butcher at the US border at Nogales - only German spy sentenced in the US during WWI

1933 German Parliament is dissolved by President Paul von Hindenburg by the request of new chancellor Adolf Hitler.

1968 Saigon police chief Nguyễn Ngọc Loan executes Viet Cong officer Nguyễn Văn Lém with a pistol shot to the head. The execution is captured by photographer Eddie Adams and becomes an anti-war icon.

2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry into the Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts aboard.

2021 Military coup in Myanmar; civilian leaders are detained, including Aung San Suu Kyi, and a one-year state of emergency is declared (still in effect)

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1653 New Amsterdam becomes a city, later renamed New York City.

1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the Mexican–American War. Mexico loses 55 percent of its territory to the US, including California, Nevada and Utah in exchange for $15 million.

1880 SS Strathleven arrives in London with first shipment of frozen Australian mutton.

1887 First Groundhog Day observed at Gobbler's Knob, Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania.

1901 Queen Victoria's funeral takes place in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, England.

1943 German 6th Army surrenders after the Battle of Stalingrad in a major turning point in Europe during World War II

1944 Allied troops 1st set foot on Japanese territory.

1954 President Eisenhower announces the detonation of the world's 1st hydrogen bomb (tested in 1952)

1962 8 of 9 planets align for 1st time in 400 years.

1972 Angry demonstrators burn the British Embassy in Dublin to the ground in protest at the shooting dead of 13 people on 'bloody sunday'

1974 The F-16 Fighting Falcon flies for the first time.

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1917 US ocean liner Housatonic is sunk by a German submarine, on the same day that US President Woodrow Wilson breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany.

1931 New Zealand's worst natural disaster, the Hawke's Bay earthquake, kills 256 and injures thousands, devastating Napier and the Hawke's Bay region.

1945 Almost 1,000 Flying Fortresses drop 3,000 tons of bombs on Berlin.

1945 WWII: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill arrives in Yalta, Crimea, Soviet Union for the "Big Three" Yalta Conference.

1966 First soft landing on the Moon, by the Soviet spacecraft Luna 9

[Jimbuna]

1938 Adolf Hitler seizes control of German army and puts Nazis in key posts.

1942 Clinton Pierce becomes 1st US general wounded in action in WW II

1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin meet at Yalta in the Crimea to discuss the final phase of World War II

1974 Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb explodes on a bus in West Yorkshire, England, carrying British Army soldiers and some of their family members.

1985 Naval exercises cancelled when US refuses to tell NZ if nuclear weapons aboard USS Buchanan.

2004 Mark Zuckerberg launches Facebook from his Harvard dormitory room.

[Jimbuna]

1597 A group of early Japanese Christians, known as the 26 Martyrs, are killed by the new government of Japan for being seen as a threat to Japanese society.

1782 British garrison in Menorca (western Mediterranean) surrenders to French and Spanish fleet as part of the American Revolutionary War.

1931 Malcolm Campbell sets world land speed record speed of 246.08 mph driving his famous Blue Bird car at Daytona Beach, Florida.

1945 US troops under General Douglas MacArthur enter Manila in the Philippines after a month-long battle, ending three years of Japanese military occupation.

1953 Sweet rationing imposed in WWII ends in Britain.

1969 United States population reaches 200 million.

1972 Two IRA members are killed when a bomb they were planting exploded prematurely.

[Jimbuna]

1819 Stamford Raffles founds Singapore as a British trading post.

1919 The first day of the Weimar Republic which, because of its support of the Treaty of Versailles, does not receive proper allegiance from the German nation.

1952 Queen Elizabeth II succeeds King George VI to the British throne and is proclaimed Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, including Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

1964 France & Great-Britain sign accord over building channel tunnel.

1968 Former President Dwight Eisenhower shoots a hole-in-one.

1971 American astronaut Alan Shepard is the first to hit a golf ball on the Moon.

1971 The Irish Republican Army shoots and kills Gunner Robert Curtis, the first British soldier to die during the 'Troubles'

[Jimbuna]

1783 Great Siege of Gibraltar, launched by France and Spain against the British colony during the American War of Independence is lifted after 3 years and 7 months.

1845 The Portland Vase, thought to date to the 1st century BC is shattered into more than 80 pieces by a drunken visitor to the British Museum.

1863 HMS Orpheus sinks off the coast of Auckland, New Zealand, killing 189

1991 Provisional Irish Republican Army launches a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street during a cabinet meeting in an attempt to assassinate UK Prime Minister John Major, injuring four people.

1992 The Maastricht Treaty is signed by 12 countries from the European Community (EC) to create the European Union (EU)

[Jimbuna]

1587 Mary, Queen of Scots, is beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle at age 44 after being convicted of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth I in the Babington Plot.

1807 Battle of Eylau ends inconclusively between Napoleon's forces and the Russian Empire, first battle Napoleon isn't victorious.

1916 French cruiser "Admiral Charner" torpedoed off Syrian coast, kills 374

1942 Congress advises FDR that, Americans of Japanese descent should be locked up en masse so they wouldn't oppose the US war effort.

1944 German submarine U-762 sunk off Ireland by British forces with the loss of all 50 crewmen.

1960 Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom issues an Order-in-Council stating that she and her family will be known as the House of Windsor and that her descendants will take the name "Mountbatten-Windsor"

[Aktungbby]

1587 Mary, Queen of Scots, is beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle at age 44 after being convicted of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth I in the Babington Plot.
...too bad she didn't tip the headsman sufficiently, :timeout::oops::dead: King Louie and Queen Marie Antoinette had an easier time of it some 200 years later...ie: "what a fascinating modern age we live in"??! :shucks::/\\chop:rotfl2::rotfl2:

[Jimbuna]

1775 British Parliament declares Massachusetts Colony in rebellion.

1941 Nazi collaborators destroy pro-Jewish café Alcazar Amsterdam (Alcazar refused to hang "No Entry for Jews" signs in front of cafe)

1944 U-734/U-238 sunk off Ireland.

1945 The Battle of the Atlantic: HMS Venturer sinks U-Boat 864 off the coast of Norway.

1986 Tomb of Tutanchamon's treasurer Maya found in Egypt.

[Jimbuna]

1763 Treaty of Paris ends the French-Indian War, France agrees to surrender Canada to Great Britain.

1906 British battleship HMS Dreadnought launches after only 100 days and renders all other capital ships obsolete with its revolutionary design.

1916 Military conscription begins in Britain.

1933 Adolf Hitler proclaims end of Marxism.

1942 Glenn Miller and his Orchestra are awarded the first-ever gold record for selling 1 million copies of "Chattanooga Choo Choo"

1944 U-666/U-545/U-283 sink off Ireland.

1962 USSR swaps spy Francis Gary Power to US for Rudolph Abel.

1964 Australian destroyer HMAS Voyager sinks after colliding with aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne, killing 82

1972 Two British soldiers are killed in a land mine attack near Cullyhanna, County Armagh; an IRA member is shot dead during an exchange of gunfire with RUC officers.

1975 The Provisional Irish Republican Army agrees to a truce and ceasefire with the British government and the Northern Ireland Office; Seven "incident centres" are established in nationalist areas to monitor the ceasefire.

1996 A bomb explodes in Docklands area of London, ending the 17-month ceasefire; James McArdle is eventually found guilty and jailed for 25 years.

[Jimbuna]

1554 Queen of England for nine days, Lady Jane Grey aged about 17 is executed for treason under Mary I at the Tower of London.

1915 Adolf Hitler receives the relatively common Iron Cross second class for bravery in World War I

1915 World War I: Kaiser Wilhelm approves the strategic bombing of London's docks.

1921 Winston Churchill becomes British Minister of Colonies.

1942 German battle cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen escape from Brest to Germany in a dash up the English Channel.

1988 US Navy frigate USS Yorktown bumped by Russian frigate Bezzavetny in the Black Sea in dispute over right of innocent passage.

1989 Loyalist paramilitary group kill Pat Finucane, a Belfast lawyer who represented republican hunger striker Bobby Sands, while he is having dinner with family.

1999 US President Bill Clinton acquitted by the Senate in his impeachment trial.

2013 North Korea allegedly conducts its third nuclear test, claiming it is a nuclear device that can be weaponized.

[Jimbuna]

1910 Typhoid Mary [Mary Mallon] is freed from her first periods of forced isolation and goes on to cause several further outbreaks of typhoid in the New York area.

1914 Four-year old Charlotte May Pierstorff mailed by train from Grangeville, Idaho to her grandparents’ house 73 miles away in most famous 'child in the post' instance.

1915 British fleet opens fire on Dardanelles coast.

1933 Hermann Göring bans all Catholic newspapers in Cologne, claiming that Catholics illegally engage in politics.

1942 An estimated 150 Japanese warplanes attack the Australian city of Darwin.

1942 FDR orders the detention and internment of all Japanese Americans on the West Coast.

1944 U-264 sinks off Ireland.

1945 980 Japanese soldiers reportedly killed by crocodiles in two days on Ramree Island, Burma.

1945 US 5th Fleet launches invasion of Iwo Jima against the Japanese with 30,000 US Marines.

1959 USAF rocket-powered rail sled attains Mach 4.1 (4970 kph), at Holloman AFB, New Mexico.

1964 UK flies ½ ton of Beatles wigs to the US

[Jimbuna]

1873 British Naval Officer John Moresby is the first European to discover Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, claims it for the United Kingdom.

1938 Adolf Hitler announces his support for Japan during the Sino-Japanese War.

1938 UK Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden resigns, stating Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain has appeased Nazi Germany.

1942 Lt E H O'Hare single-handedly shoots down 5 Japanese heavy bombers, becomes America's first World War II flying ace.

1944 Battle of Eniwetok: US forces take Enewetak Atoll at the cost of 37 Americans killed or missing and 94 wounded; Japanese losses are 800 dead and 23 prisoners.

1947 Earl Mountbatten of Burma is appointed the last viceroy of India to oversee the move to independence.

[Jimbuna]

1857 US issues flying eagle cents.

1916 Battle of Verdun begins with a German offensive, leads to an estimated 1 million casualties, and becomes the longest battle of the entire war (9 months)

1917 British troopship SS Mendi sinks off Isle of Wight, 646 die.

1958 British artist Gerald Holtom designs Nuclear Disarmament logo, based on blended semaphore signals for the letters N and D; it later became an international peace symbol.

1964 UK flies 24,000 rolls of Beatles wallpaper to US

1973 Israeli fighter jets shoot down Libyan commercial airliner that strayed into restricted airspace over occupied Sinai Penninsula, killing 108

1995 RAF pilot Jo Salter is the first woman to fly a Tornado fighter jet.

[Jimbuna]

1774 British House of Lords rules authors do not have perpetual copyright.

1797 The Last Invasion of Britain, launched by the French during the Revolutionary Wars, begins near Fishguard, Wales.

1825 Russia and Britain establish the Alaska-Canada boundary.

1856 Republican Party holds its first national meeting in Pittsburgh.

1915 Germany begins "unrestricted" submarine war.

1916 The House-Grey Memorandum, drafted by US and Britain, states: 'Should the Allies accept [the American idea of a conference to end the war] and should Germany refuse it, the United States would "probably" enter the war against Germany'

1940 German air force sinks 2 German destroyers, killing 578

1941 Arthur "Bomber" Harris becomes British Air Marshal.

1967 25,000 US and South Vietnamese troops launch Operation Junction City against the Viet Cong. Largest US airborne assault since World War II

[Jimbuna]

1836 The Alamo is besieged for 13 days until March 6 by the Mexican army under General Santa Anna; the entire garrison is eventually killed.

1904 United States acquires control of the Panama Canal Zone for $10 million.

1942 Japanese submarine fires on oil refinery in Ellwood, California.

1945 US Marines raise the flag of the United States on top of Mt. Suribachi, Iwo Jima. Pulitzer Prize-winning photo by Joe Rosenthal later becomes iconic, inspiring the Marine Corps War Memorial sculpture.

1998 Osama bin Laden publishes a fatwa declaring jihad against all Jews and Crusaders.

[Jimbuna]

1797 Colonel William Tate and his force of 1,000-1,500 soldiers surrender after the Last Invasion of Britain (according to legend, to Welsh women in tall black hats, mistaken for elite guards regiment)

1920 Adolf Hitler make his first official speech as head of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazi) at the Hofbräuhaus in Munich, Germany.

1942 The "Battle of Los Angeles" takes place, a series of anti-aircraft engagements over the city in response to a rumored but false Japanese attack. It would last until the morning of the following day.

1949 V-2/WAC-Corporal rocket 1st object to reach 5x the speed of sound at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico.

1999 State of Arizona executes convicted murderer and bank robber, German national Karl LaGrand, despite international legal action by Germany to save him.

2022 Russia launches a full-scale pre-dawn and unprovoked invasion of Ukraine by land, air, and sea, with bombings in several cities. Moments later, Vladimir Putin announces the start of a three-day “special military operation” in Ukraine to "demilitarize" the country.

[Jimbuna]

1570 Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England for heresy and persecution of English Catholics during her reign and absolves her subjects from allegiance to the crown.

1916 Battle of Verdun: German troops conquer Fort Douaumont without firing a shot, the largest and highest fort defending the city of Verdun during World War I

1932 Austrian immigrant Adolf Hitler gets German citizenship.

1939 First Anderson bomb shelter in Britain is erected in an Islington garden.

1956 Nikita Khrushchev denounces Joseph Stalin at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

1991 Gulf War: Iraqi Scud missile hits US barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, kills 28

[Jimbuna]

1616 The Roman Inquisition delivers injunction to Galileo demanding he abandon his belief in heliocentrism, which states the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun.

1797 Bank of England issues first £1 note.

1815 Napoléon Bonaparte and his supporters leave Elba to start a 100-day reconquest of France.

1852 British troopship Birkenhead sinks off South Africa, 458 die, 193 survive.

1914 HMHS Britannic, sister to the Titanic, is launched at Harland & Wolff, Belfast.

1916 Germans sink French transport ship Provence II, killing 930

1924 Trial against Adolf Hitler for treason in "Beer Hall Putsch" begins in Munich, Germany.

1935 Existence of re-formed German Luftwaffe revealed (banned in 1920 by Treaty of Versailles) with Reichsmarshall Hermann Göring as commander-in-chief.

1935 RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) is first demonstrated by Robert Watson-Watt and Arnold Wilkins in Daventry, England.

1936 Adolf Hitler introduces Ferdinand Porsche's "Volkswagen"

1942 German battle cruiser Gneisenau deactivated by bomb.

1952 PM Winston Churchill announces Britain has its own atomic bomb.

1971 Two Royal Ulster Constabulary officers shot and killed by the Irish Republican Army while on mobile patrol in the Ardoyne area of Belfast, North Ireland.

1991 Coalition planes bomb Iraqi forces retreating from Kuwait, killing hundreds and creating the so-called 'Highway of Death' during the Gulf War.

[Jimbuna]

1917 AP reports Mexico & Japan will allie with Germany if US enters WW I

1933 After the Reichstag Fire Decree, the German Communist Party (KPD) is essentially outlawed (though not formally banned) after the German government blames the Communists for burning down the Reichstag building.

1933 On Adolf Hitler's advice, German President Paul von Hindenburg signs the Reichstag Fire Decree after the building is destroyed by fire in Berlin; this eliminates many civil liberties in Germany.

1940 US population at 131,669,275 with 12,865,518 African American (9.8%)

1942 World War II: German submarine U-578 torpedoes US Navy destroyer USS Jacob Jones (DD130) off Cape May, New Jersey, killing all but 11 of 113 man crew.

1944 Arrests of the ten-Boom family in Nazi occupied Netherlands (Haarlem) through a Dutch collaborator on charges of hiding Jews.

1971 A British soldier dies in Derry after his vehicle had been attacked with petrol bombs (he died as a result of inhaling chemicals from fire extinguishers that were used to put out the fire)

1988 British television programme "That's Life!" surprises guest Nicholas Winton with an audience full of grown-up children that he saved from German-occupied Czechoslovakia, bringing them to safety in the UK

1991 Gulf War ends after Iraq accepts a ceasefire following their retreat from Kuwait.

[Jimbuna]

1899 George Dewey becomes 1st in US to hold the rank of Admiral of the Navy.

1917 German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann publicly admits the "Zimmermann Telegram" is genuine; revelation generates support for the US declaration of war on Germany in April.

1942 1st combat flight for Canadian British-built Avro Lancaster bomber.

1943 Battle of the Bismarck Sea: Australian and American air forces devastate Japanese navy convoy.

1943 Bethnal Green Tube disaster: 173 die in a stampede sheltering in an air raid, UK's greatest loss of civilian life in WWII (details censored till January 20 1945)

1980 1st nuclear submarine, USS Nautilus is decommissioned.

[Jimbuna]

1801 Thomas Jefferson is the first US President to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C.

1941 Prince Paul, prince regent of Yugoslavia meets with Adolf Hitler at the Berghof, Bavaria, where he rejects deal to allow Nazi's access to Greece.

1945 United Kingdom's Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II), joins the British Auxiliary Transport Service (ATS) as a driver.

1966 North Sea Gas 1st pumped ashore by BP

1970 French submarine "Eurydice" explodes off Cape Camarat in the Mediterranean, all 57 crew lost.

2001 IRA detonates a bomb in front of the BBC Television Centre in London, injuring 11 people.

2009 International Criminal Court issues an arrest warrant for Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Darfur, becoming the first sitting head of state to be indicted.

[Jimbuna]

1770 British soldiers kill five men in a crowd throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks at them. African American Crispus Attucks is the first to die and is later held up as an early Black martyr. The Boston Massacre or Incident on King Street galvanizes anti-British feelings.

1774 John Hancock delivers the fourth annual Massacre Day oration, a commemoration of the Boston Massacre, and denounces the presence of British troops in Boston, enhancing Hancock's stature as a leading Patriot.

1915 World War I: The LZ 33, a zeppelin, is damaged by enemy fire and stranded south of Ostend.

1946 Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech in Fulton, Missouri, popularizes the term and draws attention to the division of Europe.

1960 Elvis Presley ends 2-year hitch in US Army.

[Jimbuna]

1788 The British First Fleet arrives at Australian territory of Norfolk Island to found a convict settlement.

1836 Battle of the Alamo: After 13 days of fighting, 1,500 to 3,000 Mexican soldiers overwhelm the Texan defenders, killing 182 to 257 Texans, including William Travis, Jim Bowie, and Davy Crockett.

1918 US naval boat "Cyclops" disappears in Bermuda Triangle.

1944 British and Canadian sailors boards abandoned German U-boat U-774 seeking Enigma code machine, but are forced to scuttle the sub when efforts to tow it fail.

1947 XB-45, 1st US 4-engine jet bomber, makes 1st test flight, Muroc, CA

1967 Joseph Stalin's daughter Svetlana Allilujeva approaches the US Embassy in New Delhi, India, and asks for political asylum.

1970 A Catholic man is shot dead by British soldiers in Belfast, North Ireland.

1987 Belgian ferry "Herald of Free Enterprise" sinks; 192 die.

1988 3 IRA suspects shot dead in Gibraltar by SAS officers.

1990 SR-71 sets a transcontinental record, flying 2,404 miles in 1:08:17

1991 Following Iraq's capitulation in the Persian Gulf conflict, US President George H. W. Bush told Congress that "aggression is defeated. The war is over"

1998 British Union Flag begins to be flown full-mast over Buckingham Palace whenever British monarch not in residence, following change of protocol after the death of Diana, Princess of Wales.

[Jimbuna]

1876 Alexander Graham Bell receives a patent for the telephone in the US

1912 Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen announces his team was the first to reach the South Pole on December 14, 1911, 34 days before British explorer Robert Falcon Scott.

1936 German dictator Adolf Hitler breaks the Treaty of Versailles by sending troops into the demilitarized Rhineland.

1942 15 Mk-VB Spitfires reach Malta.

1946 Bikini Atoll islanders are evacuated by the US government to make way for a nuclear testing site.

1974 "USS Monitor", Union Ship sunk in 1862 during US Civil War, restored at Cape Hatteras.

[Jimbuna]

1531 King Henry VIII is recognized as the supreme head of the Church in England by the Convocation of Canterbury.

1817 The New York Stock Exchange is founded.

1915 1st US navy minelayer, Baltimore, commissioned.

1971 Gun battle between Official Irish Republican Army and Provisional IRA leave 1 man killed; result of feud between two wings of the IRA developing since the split in 1970

1973 The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) undertakes its first operation in Great Britain, planting four car bombs in London. Ten members of PIRA are later arrested at Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the country.

1983 President Reagan 1st known use of term "Evil Empire" (about the USSR) in speech in Florida.

2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 with 239 people on board loses contact and disappears, prompting the most expensive search effort in history and one of the most enduring aviation mysteries.

[Aktungbby]

1899 George Dewey becomes 1st in US to hold the rank of Admiral of the Navy.
Actually the only one so designated; all others, Five star admirals FADMs https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS7Pz-ABQhSB6sbpwrDsElJUiGYi50qKPlxQBALZc5Fsg&s as opposed to Dewey's insignia as Admiral of the Navy https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/US_Admiral_of_Navy_shoulderboard.svg/1920px-US_Admiral_of_Navy_shoulderboard.svg.png:Kaleun_Sa lute: A modest man, he always wore his Battle of Manila 'Dewey Medal' on his Admiral of the Navy uniform reversed: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Dewey_Reverse.jpg/173px-Dewey_Reverse.jpghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Adm_dewey_1913.png so as not to show off his image on the reverse side: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/DeweyObverse.jpg/173px-DeweyObverse.jpg There were 1,848 men of the Navy and Marine Corps eligible for the Medal.:Kaleun_Salute: The Navy originally had an established precursor 5-star rank of Admiral of the Navy, that was superior to Admiral. The rank used the 1867 regulation Admiral insignia. This rank was established and given only to Admiral George Dewey, in recognition of his victory at Manila Bay in 1898. On March 2, 1899, Congress passed Pub. L. 55–378 approving the creation of the rank. The Senate confirmed Dewey's promotion to that rank on March 14, 1903, and he was officially promoted to Admiral of the Navy on March 24, 1903, with a retroactive date-of-rank of March 2, 1899.:hmmm:one wonders if that incl. the 4 years' back pay??!:shucks: The congressional act also stipulated that upon Dewey's death, the rank would cease to exist. Dewey died on January 16, 1917, ending the Navy's use of the rank.

[Jimbuna]

1841 US Supreme Court rules the kidnapped slaves from the Spanish schooner the Amistad are free.

1862 USS Monitor and CSS Merrimack battle in Hampton Roads.

1916 Mexican General Francisco Pancho Villa invades the United States (18 killed)

1935 Adolf Hitler publicly announces the creation of a new air force, the Luftwaffe.

1945 334 US B-29 Superfortresses attack Tokyo with 120,000 fire bombs.

1961 Soviet flight Sputnik 9 carries and returns from orbit a dog named Chernushka (Blackie), frogs, and a guinea pig.

1974 The last Japanese soldier, a guerrilla operating in the Philippines, surrenders 29 years after World War II ends.

[Jimbuna]

1927 Bavaria lifts ban on Adolf Hitler's speeches.

1944 U-575 sinks British corvette HMS Asphodel in the Atlantic Ocean killing 92 of the 97 men aboard.

1945 Deadliest air raid of World War II sets Tokyo on fire after nighttime B-29 bombings; more than 100,000 people die, mostly civilians.

1945 Fieldmarshal Albert Kesselring succeeds Gerd von Rundstedt as commander of German Army Command in the West.

1948 1st civilian to exceed speed of sound - Herb H Hoover, Edwards Air Force Base, California.

[Jimbuna]

1915 The British declare a blockade of all German ports.

1958 American B-47 accidentally drops nuclear bomb 15,000 ft on a family home in Mars Bluff, South Carolina; creates crater 75 ft across, bomb without its nuclear capsule.

2011 9.0 magnitude earthquake strikes 130 km (80 miles) east of Sendai, Japan, triggering a tsunami killing thousands of people and causing the second worst nuclear accident in history at Fukushima nuclear plant.

2018 China's National People's Congress approves removal of term limits for a leader, allowing Xi Jinping to be president for life.

[Jimbuna]

1884 Siege of Khartoum, Sudan, begins by Mahdist forces and lasts ten months.

1905 Mata Hari first performs her dance act at the Guimet Museum, Paris.

1943 Failed assassin attempt on Adolf Hitler during Smolensk-Rastenburg flight.

1943 Nazis liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Kraków; Oskar Schindler with advance information, saves his workers by keeping them in his factory overnight.

2019 US grounds all Boeing 737 Max aircraft after bans by other countries following the plane type's second crash in Ethiopia.

[Jimbuna]

1757 On board HMS Monarch (his own flagship), British Admiral John Byng is executed by firing squad for failing to come to aide of besieged British garrison.

1915 German cruiser Dresden scuttled off Más a Tierra, Chile, having been pursued by the Royal Navy after the Battle of the Falkland Islands, with her engines worn out and virtually no coal.

1918 1st concrete ship to cross the Atlantic (Faith) is launched in San Francisco.

1923 German Supreme Court prohibits NSDAP (Nazi party)

1923 US President Warren G. Harding becomes 1st president to pay taxes.

1964 Dallas, Texas; Jack Ruby sentenced to death for Lee Harvey Oswald's murder.

1972 Two IRA members shot dead by British soldiers in the Bogside area of Derry.

1973 Future US senator John McCain is released after spending over five years in a North Vietnamese prisoner of war camp.

2013 Xi Jinping is named President of the People's Republic of China.

[Jimbuna]

44 BC Julius Caesar is stabbed to death by Brutus, Cassius and several other Roman senators on the Ides of March in Rome.

1916 Dutch merchant ship Tubantia torpedoed by German submarine & sinks in North Sea.

1923 Vladimir Lenin suffer his 3rd stroke.

1930 1st streamlined submarine of US navy, USS Nautilus, launched.

1939 Adolf Hitler summons Czech President Emil Hácha to a meeting in Berlin and informs him of the impending attack by Germany; Hácha suffers a heart attack and later capitulates. Germany occupies and annexes Czechoslovakia reneging on the Munich Agreement.

1940 Hermann Goering says 100-200 church bells are enough for Germany and melts down the rest.

1972 Two British soldiers killed when attempting to defuse a bomb in Belfast; an RUC officer is also killed in an IRA attack in Coalisland, County Tyrone.

2019 Climate change strikes held by schoolchildren take place around the world, inspired by Swedish teenager Greta Thunberg.

[Jimbuna]

432 Saint Patrick, aged about 16, is captured by Irish pirates from his home in Great Britain and taken as a slave to Ireland.

1860 Six years after the forcible ending of Japan's isolationist policy by US Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry, the Japanese Embassy arrives in San Francisco to sign a Treaty of Friendship.

1926 Spain & Brazil prevent Germany joining League of Nations.

1932 German police raid Adolf Hitler's Nazi headquarters.

1942 US General Douglas MacArthur arrives in Australia to become supreme commander.

1966 US submarine locates missing hydrogen bomb on the Mediterranean sea floor.

[Aktungbby]

1966 US submarine locates missing hydrogen bomb on the Mediterranean sea floor. Clearly an 'in-depth study of 'Big Bang Theory"!!??:oops: leading to the Movie: Men of Honor https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Carl_Brashear_-_navy_photo_-_01.jpg/367px-Carl_Brashear_-_navy_photo_-_01.jpg<In 2000, the U.S. film Men of Honor focused on the life of the first black American master diver, Carl Brashear,https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Navmarine.png/60px-Navmarine.png in the U.S. Navy. The film begins and ends with the Palomares bomb recovery by U.S. Navy personnel.:Kaleun_Salute: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/NAM---Palomares-bombs.jpg/1280px-NAM---Palomares-bombs.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Brashear

[Jimbuna]

1834 Six farm laborers from Tolpuddle in Dorset, England, are sentenced to transportation to Australia for forming a trade union.

1890 German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck resigns after 19 years after a disagreement with German Emperor Wilhelm II

1915 French battleship Bouvet explodes, 640 killed.

1922 British magistrates in India sentence Mahatma Gandhi to six years imprisonment for disobedience.

1940 Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler meet at Brenner Pass, where the Italian dictator agrees to join Germany's impending war effort in the west.

1943 British merchant vessel "Canadian Star" is torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic by German U-boat U-221, 34 die with 54 survivors.

1948 France & Great Britain & Benelux sign Treaty of Brussels.

2003 British Sign Language is recognised as an official British language.

[Jimbuna]

1774 The British parliament passes first of the Intolerable Acts: the Boston Port Act, which closed Boston harbor until colonists would pay for damages following the Boston Tea Party.

1815 Napoleon Bonaparte enters Paris after his escape from Elba and begins his 100-day rule.

1917 After the sinking of 3 more American merchant ships, US President Woodrow Wilson meets with cabinet, who agree that war is inevitable.

1922 USS Langley is commissioned, US Navy's 1st aircraft carrier.

1933 Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, is completed.

1942 General Douglas MacArthur vows "I came through and I shall return" after escaping Japanese-occupied Philippines.

1943 German U-384 bombed & sinks.

1972 Donegall Street bombing: the Provisional Irish Republican Army detonate its first car bomb on Donegall Street in Belfast; four civilians, two RUC officers and a UDR soldier killed while 148 people were wounded.

1992 Manuel Noriega's wife Felicidad arrested for stealing buttons from dresses.

[Jimbuna]

1871 Journalist Henry Morton Stanley begins his famous expedition to Africa.

1933 Day of Potsdam in Nazi Germany, a ceremony to open the new Reichstag after the fire in February; Adolf Hitler and Paul von Hindenburg shake hands in public.

1939 Nazi Germany demands the return of Danzig (Gdańsk) from Poland.

1943 Assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler fails.

1945 1st Japanese kamikaze "flying bombs" (MXY-7 Ohka) attack Okinawa.

1963 Alcatraz prison in San Francisco Bay is closed.

1974 Attempt made to kidnap Princess Anne in London's Pall Mall.

2014 Russia formally annexes Crimea amid international condemnation.

2024 Elon Musk's Neuralink company posts a video of a patient playing chess online using a brain implant.

[Jeff-Groves]

1943 Cornelia Fort, while flying in formation en route from Long Beach to Love Field in Dallas, the left wing of her BT-13 was struck by the landing
gear of flight officer Frank Stamme Jr.'s plane. Fort went into an irreversible dive and crashed. She was the first United States pilot to
encounter the Japanese air fleet during the Attack on Pearl Harbor.

[Jimbuna]

1622 First American Indian (Powhatan) massacre of Europeans around Jamestown, Virginia, 347 killed.

1765 First direct British tax on American colonists, the Stamp Act, is passed by the British Parliament led by Prime Minister George Grenville.

1933 First Nazi concentration camp, Dachau, opens as a camp for political prisoners.

1941 James Stewart is inducted into the Army, becoming the first major American movie star to wear a military uniform in World War II

1944 American movie star James Stewart flies his 12th combat mission, leading the 2nd Bomb Wing in an attack on Berlin.

1965 US confirms its troops used chemical warfare against the Vietcong.

1979 Provisional Irish Republican Army assassinates Richard Sykes, the British ambassador to the Netherlands, in The Hague.

1979 The Provisional Irish Republican Army explode 24 bombs in various locations across Northern Ireland.

1990 Anchorage jury finds Capt Hazelwood not guilty of Valdez oil spill.

1994 Dutch Ambassador to US christens a new tulip (the Hillary Clinton)

2004 Ahmed Yassin, co-founder and leader of the Palestinian Sunni Islamist militant group Hamas, and bodyguards killed in the Gaza Strip by Israeli Air Force AH-64 Apache fired Hellfire missiles.

[Jimbuna]

1775 Patrick Henry proclaims "Give me liberty or give me death" in a speech encouraging Virginia troops to join the American Revolutionary War.

1918 Germany begins using long-range gun, the 'Kaiser Wilhelm Geschütz' ('Emperor William Gun'), aka 'Paris Gun' to shell Paris from Crépy-en-Laonnais, 75 miles away; over several days, 303 rounds kill 256 and wound over 600

1919 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party re-establishes a five-member Politburo, which becomes the center of political power in the Soviet Union. Original members are Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Lev Kamenev, and Nikolai Krestinsky.

1933 German Reichstag hastily passes the Enabling Act and President Paul von Hindenburg signs it the same day, granting Adolf Hitler dictatorial powers.

1945 Battle of Okinawa: US Navy ships bomb the Japanese island of Okinawa in preparation for the Allied invasion; the largest battle of the Pacific War in World War II

1957 US Army sells its last homing pigeons.

[Jimbuna]

1603 Scottish King James VI, son of Mary, Queen of Scots, becomes King James I of England in succession to Elizabeth I, uniting the English and Scottish crowns.

1916 German submarines torpedo the unarmed French cross-channel packet 'Sussex'

1942 US government begins moving native-born citizens with Japanese ancestry into detention centres under Executive Order 9066, with intention of preventing home-grown espionage.

1944 76 Allied officers escape Stalag Luft 3 (Great Escape)

1944 Ardeatine massacre: Nazis led by SS officers Herbert Kappler, Erich Priebke and Karl Hass execute 335 civilians and political prisoners in occupied Rome in retaliation for the previous day's Via Rassela bombing that killed 33 Germans.

1944 RAF rear gunner Nicholas Alkemade survives a jump from his Lancaster bomber 18,000 feet over Germany without a parachute; his fall is broken by pine trees and soft snow, and he suffers only a sprained leg.

1947 John D. Rockefeller Jr. donates NYC East River site to the UN

1947 US Congress proposes 2-term limitation on the presidency.

1949 SS police chief in the Netherlands Hanns Albin Rauter's request for a pardon denied, executed by firing squad.

1958 Elvis Presley joins the U.S. Army (serial number 53310761)

1972 Great Britain imposes direct rule over Northern Ireland.

1982 US sub Jacksonville collides with a Turkish freighter near Virginia.

1999 NATO commences an air bombardment against Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War, the first attack by NATO on a sovereign country.

[Jimbuna]

1752 The Murder Act passes into law in Great Britain - allows corpses of executed murderers to be given to the Company of Surgeons for dissection.

1942 First "Eichmann transport" to Auschwitz and Birkenau concentration camps.

1955 "The Ballad of Davy Crockett" version recorded by Bill Hayes becomes the #1 record in US

1966 Large-scale anti-Vietnam War protests take place in the United States, including in New York, Washington, D.C. and Chicago.

1976 Queen Elizabeth II sent out the first royal email, from the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment.

[Jeff-Groves]

1942 - Rear Admiral John Walter Wilcox Jr. is washed overboard in the North
Atlantic off Sable Island.

[Jimbuna]

1854 Great Britain and France declare war on Russia, expanding the Crimean War.

1910 First seaplane takes off from water under its own power, piloted by Henri Fabre from the Étang de Berre lagoon in Martigues, France.

1935 Influential Nazi Propaganda film "Triumph of the Will" released showing Nuremberg rallies, commissioned by Adolf Hitler and directed by Leni Riefenstahl.

1941 Sea battle at Cape Matapan: British fleet under Cunningham defeats Italy.

1942 British naval forces raid Nazi occupied French port of St Nazaire.

1942 St. Nazaire Raid (Operation Chariot): obsolete British destroyer HMS Campbeltown, rigged with explosives and flying German flags, rams gates of German occupied St Nazaire port in France, and self detonates; kills 360 Germans, and disables the dry dock for duration of the war.

1945 Last German V-1 (buzz bomb) attack on London.

1964 First true pirate radio station, England's Radio Caroline begins regular transmission at noon from the MV Caroline off the coast of Suffolk.

[Jimbuna]

1814 Napoleonic Wars: Sixth Coalition forces march into Paris after defeating Napoleon.

1856 The Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, Great Britain, France and the Kingdom of Sardinia sign the Treaty of Paris ending the Crimean War.

1867 The United States buys Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000 (109 million in 2018 dollars), roughly 2 cents an acre.

1939 Heinkel He 100 fighter sets a world airspeed record of 463 mph.

1945 World War II: a defecting German pilot delivers a Messerschmitt Me 262A-1 to Americans.

1969 Loyalists bomb water and electricity installations in Northern Ireland in the hope that the attacks would be blamed on the IRA and on elements of the civil rights movement, which was demanding an end to discrimination against Catholics.

1972 Northern Ireland's government and parliament are dissolved by the British government, and direct rule from Westminster is introduced.

1981 US President Ronald Reagan is shot and wounded in an assassination attempt by John Hinckley, three others are also wounded.

2023 Key figures in Artificial Intelligence including Elon Musk and Steve Wozniak sign an open letter warning the race to develop AI systems is out of control and asking for a suspension of at least six months.

[Jimbuna]

1814 Forces allied against Napoleon capture Paris.

1889 Eiffel Tower officially opens for dignitaries and an award ceremony in Paris, France; designed by Gustave Eiffel and built for the Exposition Universelle, at 300 meters high, it holds the record for the tallest man-made structure for 41 years.

1920 British Parliament accepts the Government of Ireland Act, known as the Fourth Home Rule Bill.

1939 Britain & France agree to support Poland if invaded by Germany.

1951 US tanks exceed 38° of latitude in Korea.

1971 William Calley sentenced to life for Mi Lai Massacre.

1972 Final day of the rum ration in the Royal Canadian Navy.

1979 The last British soldier leaves the Maltese Islands. Malta declares its Freedom Day (Jum il-Helsien).

[Jimbuna]

1748 The ruins of Pompeii are rediscovered by Spaniard Roque Joaquín de Alcubierre.

1918 United Kingdom: the Royal Air Force is created from the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps.

1924 Adolf Hitler sentenced to 5 years labor for "Beer Hall Putsch" but General Ludendorff acquitted.

1933 Heinrich Himmler becomes Police Commander of Germany.

1934 Clyde Barrow kills two young highway patrolmen, H. D. Murphy and Edward Bryant Wheeler, at the intersection of Route 114 near Grapevine, Texas. Bonnie Parker's role in the murders helps turn public perception against the gang for good.

1941 The Blockade Runner Badge for German Kriegsmarine is instituted.

1941 US Navy takes over Treasure Island in San Francisco Bay.

1945 World War II: The Ruhr Pocket of German forces are encircled by the US Ninth Army and US First Army, eventually leading to the capture of 317,000 German troops.

1969 The Hawker Siddeley Harrier (vertical take-off fighter) enters service with the RAF.

1970 John Lennon and Yoko Ono release hoax they are having dual sex change operations.

1976 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs found Apple Computer in the garage of Jobs' parents house in Cupertino, California.

1992 Battleship USS Missouri, on which the Japanese surrender took place, decommissioned.

[Jimbuna]

1621 Mayflower sails from Plymouth, Massachusetts on a return trip to England.

1900 Attempted assassination of Edward Prince of Wales in Brussels, fails.

1939 Membership of Hitler Youth becomes obligatory.

1943 Chinese steward Poon Lim is found off the coast of Brazil by a Brazilian fishing family after being adrift for 133 days following the torpedoing of the British ship SS Benlomond by a German U-boat.

1943 Mortsel, Belgium: Allies target Minerva car factory, used for repairing Luftwaffe planes for bombing raid; collateral damage from missed targets kills 936 civilians, Belgium's greatest loss of WWII

1951 Julius & Ethel Rosenberg, atomic spies, sentenced to death.

1982 British Royal Navy aircraft carriers Invincible and Hermes, with escort vessels, depart Portsmouth, England for the Falkland Islands in response to the Argentine invasion.

[Aktungbby]

1939 Membership of Hitler Youth becomes obligatory.
...some good of that: during my 4 year stint as sole bailiff of the Administrative Social Security Court of Appeals in San Francisco(4 courtrooms, six judges and 90 staff personnel), the assistant manger in charge of procurement & operations was an ex-member and still working in her 70's. Tall, blond, Prussian and authoritatively demanding; we referred to her as "our resident Nazi"!:O:

[Jimbuna]

1853 Queen Victoria asks John Snow to administer chloroform during the delivery of her eighth child, Leopold, leads to wider acceptance of obstetrical anesthesia.

1926 Mussolini is shot at 3 times by Violet Gibson in Rome, she only hits him once in the nose.

1943 German Lt colonel Claus von Stauffenberg seriously wounded in allied air raid.

1945 Battle of Okinawa: US planes intercept Japanese fleet heading for Okinawa on a suicide mission, super battleship Yamato and four destroyers are sunk.

1945 Kuniaki Koiso resigns as Prime Minister of Japan after the US invasion of Okinawa; he is replaced by Kantaro Suzuki.

1945 Sonderkommando Elbe, special Luftwaffe units designed to destroy Allied planes by ramming them mid-air, are sent on their first and only mission of World War II

1966 US recovers a lost hydrogen bomb from the Mediterranean sea floor (whoops)

1968 Riots continue in over 100 US cities following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.

1971 US President Richard Nixon orders lt Calley (Mi Lai) free.

1972 Three members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) die in a premature bomb explosion in Belfast.

[Jimbuna]

1886 William Gladstone introduces the first Irish Home Rule Bill in the British House of Commons.

1913 China's National Assembly opens in Peking, the first free democratic parliament in Chinese history.

1940 German battle cruisers sink British aircraft carrier Glorious.

1961 British liner "Dara" explodes in Persian Gulf, kills 236

1983 In front of a live audience of 20 tourists, David Copperfield makes the Statue of Liberty disappear.

[Aktungbby]

1983 In front of a live audience of 20 tourists, David Copperfield makes the Statue of Liberty disappear....now Trump is performing the same trick:O:

[Jimbuna]

1483 Edward V, aged 12, succeeds his father Edward IV as King of England. He is never crowned and disappears, presumed murdered, after being incarcerated in the Tower of London with his younger brother Richard (the "Princes in the Tower")

1768 John Hancock refuses to allow two British customs agents to go below deck of his ship, considered by some to be the first act of physical resistance to British authority in the colonies.

1916 The Libau sets sail from Germany with a cargo of 20,000 rifles to assist Irish republicans; Captain Karl Spindler changes the name of the vessel to the Aud to avoid British detection.

1940 German cruiser Blucher torpedoed and capsizes in Oslofjord, 1,000 die.

1940 Nazi Germany invades Denmark and Norway, and Denmark surrenders after a six-hour battle.

1945 Battleship Admiral Scheer sunk by RAF bombing in Kiel.

1963 Winston Churchill becomes 1st honorary US citizen.

1981 US Navy nuclear submarine USS George Washington rams Japanese freighter Nisso Maru, sinking the civilian ship in the South China Sea.

2002 Funeral of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother at Westminster Abbey UK. More than a million people line the streets.

[Jimbuna]

1861 Fort Sumter in South Carolina is attacked by the Confederacy, beginning the American Civil War.

1941 Vichy-France's head of government Admiral François Darlan consults with Adolf Hitler.

1945 Canadian troops liberate Nazi concentration camp Westerbork, Netherlands.

1945 US President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies in office and Vice President Harry Truman is sworn in as 33rd US President.

1945 British Royal Navy captures German U-boat U-1024 in the Irish Sea; it sinks while being towed the next day.

1961 Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human to travel into space and orbit Earth, aboard the Vostok 1 spacecraft.

1975 Six Catholic civilians are killed in a Ulster Volunteer Force gun and grenade attack on Strand Bar in Belfast, North Ireland.

[Jimbuna]

1692 Edward Bishop is jailed for proposing flogging as a cure for witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts.

1712 Last sighting of the Dutch ship Zuytdorp as it leaves the Cape of Good Hope carrying a cargo of silver with 200 crew and passengers; the wreck is discovered in 1927 north of Perth, Western Australia.

1721 HMS Seahorse infected with smallpox arrives in Boston harbor, causing the first outbreak in two decades. - half of the population catch it, causing 850 deaths.

1915 First military use of poison gas occurs when Germany uses chlorine gas against the Allies at Ypres during World War I

1916 Chief of Staff of the Irish Volunteers Eóin MacNeill issues the Countermanding order in Dublin to try to stop what would become the Easter Rising.

1940 Rear Admiral Joseph Taussig testifies before US Senate Naval Affairs Committee that war with Japan is inevitable.

1945 Battle of Berlin: Upon being informed that a planned counter-attack never happened, Adolf Hitler flies into a rage, denounces the German Army and concedes World War II is lost.

1945 SS chief Heinrich Himmler secretly meets with Count Folke Bernadotte of Sweden, asking him to act as an intermediary for a surrender offer to the Western Allies. The Allies do not take the offer seriously.

1952 First atomic explosion shown on network news from the Nevada Test Site.

1972 An 11-year-old boy killed by a rubber bullet fired by the British Army in Belfast; he was the first to die from a rubber bullet impact.

2016 Paris Agreement on climate change is signed in New York, binding 195 nations to limit the increase in the global average temperature to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C

[Jimbuna]

1597 William Shakespeare's "The Merry Wives of Windsor" is first performed with Queen Elizabeth I of England in attendance.

1861 Robert E. Lee is named commander of Virginia's Confederate forces (US Civil War)

1867 Queen Victoria and Napoleon III turn down plans for a channel tunnel.

1918 Raid of Zeebrugge; the British navy attempts to block German vessels from leaving port by sinking obsolete ships - mostly fails.