This date in history

[Aktungbby]

QUEEN ELIZABETTH SUCCEEDS HER CATHOLIC HALF-SISTER 'BLOODY MARY' TO BEGIN A 44 YEAR REIGN ....BEING A GOOD PROTESTANT, I'LL DRINK TO THAT!https://i.pinimg.com/474x/2b/66/29/2b66298d4d3cc50811907eb368a29e11.jpg
<The Jucy Lucy! Undeniably one of Minneapolis' most glorious contributions to world cuisine. Hence this beautiful Bloody, brought to you by the Bloody Mary Society. TALKIN' MINNESOTA NICE HERE!:arrgh!::()1:

[Mr Quatro]

QUEEN ELIZABETTH SUCCEEDS HER CATHOLIC HALF-SISTER 'BLOODY MARY' TO BEGIN A 44 YEAR REIGN ....BEING A GOOD PROTESTANT, I'LL DRINK TO THAT!
[COLOR=orange]:arrgh!::()1:


I would say this is one of the most important changes in England's long history :yep:

Elizabethan Age begins

Queen Mary I, the monarch of England and Ireland since 1553, dies and is succeeded by her 25-year-old half-sister, Elizabeth.

The two half-sisters, both daughters of King Henry VIII, had a stormy relationship during Mary’s five-year reign. Mary, who was brought up as a Catholic, enacted pro-Catholic legislation and made efforts to restore the pope to supremacy in England. A Protestant rebellion ensued, and Queen Mary imprisoned Elizabeth, a Protestant, in the Tower of London on suspicion of complicity. After Mary’s death, Elizabeth survived several Catholic plots against her; though her ascension was greeted with approval by most of England’s lords, who were largely Protestant and hoped for greater religious tolerance under a Protestant queen. Under the early guidance of Secretary of State Sir William Cecil, Elizabeth repealed Mary’s pro-Catholic legislation, established a permanent Protestant Church of England, and encouraged the Calvinist reformers in Scotland.

In foreign affairs, Elizabeth practiced a policy of strengthening England’s Protestant allies and dividing her foes. Elizabeth was opposed by the pope, who refused to recognize her legitimacy, and by Spain, a Catholic nation that was at the height of its power. In 1588, English-Spanish rivalry led to an abortive Spanish invasion of England in which the Spanish Armada, the greatest naval force in the world at the time, was destroyed by storms and a determined English navy.

With increasing English domination at sea, Elizabeth encouraged voyages of discovery, such as Sir Francis Drake’s circumnavigation of the world and Sir Walter Raleigh’s expeditions to the North American coast.

The long reign of Elizabeth, who became known as the “Virgin Queen” for her reluctance to endanger her authority through marriage, coincided with the flowering of the English Renaissance, associated with such renowned authors as William Shakespeare. By her death in 1603, England had become a major world power in every respect, and Queen Elizabeth I passed into history as one of England’s greatest monarchs.

[Jimbuna]

1307 William Tell reputedly shoots apple off his son's head.

1916 British General Douglas Haig finally calls off the 1st Battle of the Somme in World War I after more than 1 million soldiers had been killed or wounded.

1943 U-211 sinks in Atlantic Ocean.

1966 US Roman Catholic bishops ends rules against eating meat on Fridays.

1983 Argentina announces its ability to produce enriched uranium for nuclear weapons.

[Jimbuna]

1620 The Mayflower reaches Cape Cod and explores the coast.

1942 Operation Uranus: Soviet offensive begins during Battle of Stalingrad, 1 million Soviet soldiers encircle the German Sixth Army.

[Jimbuna]

1815 Second Treaty of Paris: France and her allies agree France will pay indemnities after Battle of Waterloo, ending the Napoleonic Wars.

1917 First successful tank use in battle, at the Battle of Cambrai in World War I as Britain uses the new technology to break through German lines.

1941 Adm Nomura & Kurusu hands over Japanese last diplomatic note.

1941 German "auxiliary cruiser" (armed merchant raider) Kormoran sinks near Australia.

1944 First Japanese suicide submarine attack (Ulithi Atoll, Carolines)

1945 The Nuremberg war trials begin as 24 Nazi leaders are put on trial before judges representing the victorious Allied powers.

1984 McDonald's makes its 50 billionth hamburger.

1995 Princess Diana admits she cheated on Prince Charles in a TV interview.

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1975:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Francisco_Franco_in_1964.jpg/220px-Francisco_Franco_in_1964.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francisco_Franco_in_1964.jpg) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg/220px-Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meeting_at_Hendaye_(en.wiki).jpg)SPANISH DICTATOR (EL CAUDILLO)FRANCISO FRANCO DIES... AFTER A 38 YEAR RULE. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axByUFSa7N8https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Francoayto.jpgHIS STATUE WAS REMOVED IN 2008....AFTERWARD 2018, HIS BODY WAS REMOVED FROM THE MONUMENT TO THE FALLENhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SPA-2014-San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial-Valley_of_the_Fallen_%28Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos%2 9.jpg/220px-SPA-2014-San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial-Valley_of_the_Fallen_%28Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos%2 9.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SPA-2014-San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial-Valley_of_the_Fallen_(Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos).jp g) TO HIS WIFE, CARMEN POLO'S CRYPT:yeah:

[Jimbuna]

1791 Colonel Napoléon Bonaparte is promoted to 1st Lieutenant and appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the French Republic.

1916 HMHS Britannic sinks in the Aegean Sea after a mine explodes, killing 30 people.

1918 The German High Seas Fleet of 5 battlecruisers, 9 battleships, 7 cruisers and 49 destroyers surrendered to the British Grand Fleet and were shepherded into the Firth of Forth.

1946 Harry Truman becomes first US President to travel in a submerged submarine.

2017 Robert Mugabe's resignation after 37 years in power is read out in Zimbabwe's parliaments during impeachment proceedings.

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1916 HMHS Britannic sinks in the Aegean Sea after a mine explodes, killing 30 people.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMHS_Britannic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMHS_Britannic) TALK ABOUT A 'BLACK MARIA HERE OR... 'TWO OUTTA THREE' IS BAD!:k_confused: Violet Jessop (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Jessop) (who was also one of the survivors of Britannic's sister-ship Titanic, and had even been on the third sister, Olympic, when she collided with HMS Hawke (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hawke_(1891)) described the last seconds; "She dipped her head a little, then a little lower and still lower. All the deck machinery fell into the sea like a child's toys. Then she took a fearful plunge, her stern rearing hundreds of feet into the air until with a final roar, she disappeared into the depths, the noise of her going resounding through the water with undreamt-of violence...."
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Violet_jessop_titanic.jpg/220px-Violet_jessop_titanic.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Violet_jessop_titanic.jpg)<Violet Constance Jessop (2 October 1887 – 5 May 1971) was an Irish Argentine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Argentine) ocean liner stewardess and nurse who is known for surviving the disastrous sinkings of both RMS Titanic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic) and her sister ship, HMHS Britannic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMHS_Britannic), in 1912 and 1916, respectively. In addition, she had been on board RMS Olympic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Olympic), the eldest of the three sister ships, when it collided with a British warship Called HMS Hawke (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Hawke_(1891)), in 1911
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Jessop (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Jessop)

[Jimbuna]

1941 British cruiser Devonshire sinks German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis.

1942 Adolf Hitler orders Rommel's Africa Korps to fight to the last man.

1943 RAF begins air bombing of Berlin.

1963 US President John F. Kennedy assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald while riding in an open-topped motorcade in Dallas, Texas.

1968 First interracial TV kiss (Star Trek - Captain Kirk and Uhura)

2005 Angela Merkel becomes the first female Chancellor of Germany.

[Jimbuna]

1869 The clipper Cutty Sark is launched In Dumbarton, Scotland, one of the last clippers ever built and the only one still surviving.

1942 German 4th & 6th Army surrounded at Stalingrad.

1942 Japanese bombing of Port Darwin, Australia.

1942 Chinese steward Poon Lim begins 133 days adrift after British ship SS Benlomond torpedoed by german U-boat and he is the sole survivor.

1963 JFK's body lay in repose in East Room of White House.

1991 Freddie Mercury, 45, confirms he has AIDS the day before he dies.

[Jimbuna]

1940 The Blitz: Luftwaffe bombs Bristol city centre, killing 200 people in the first German raid on the city.

1941 "Life Certificates" issued to some Jews of Vilna, the rest are exterminated.

1944 US bombers based on Saipan begin first attack on Tokyo.

1950 UN troops begin an assault intending to end Korean War by Christmas.

1954 Air Force One, first US Presidential airplane, christened.

1979 US admits troops in Vietnam were exposed to the toxic Agent Orange.

1981 First air-launched cruise missile tested.

[Jimbuna]

1783 Britain evacuates New York city, its last military position in the United States.

1841 35 survivors of the mutiny on the slave ship Amistad return to Africa.

1867 Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel patents dynamite.

1922 Crown Prince Hirohito of Japan becomes Regent of Japan in his ailing father's stead.

1940 First flights of the de Havilland Mosquito and Martin B-26 Marauder.

1944 A German V-2 rocket hits a Woolworth's store in Deptford, United Kingdom, killing 160 shoppers.

1948 16-inch coastal guns removed from Fort Funston, San Francisco.

1963 JFK laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery.

1971 British Labour Party leader Harold Wilson proposes Britain should work towards a withdrawal from Northern Ireland, and after 15 years; the Republic of Ireland could rejoin the British Commonwealth.

[Aktungbby]

1963 JFK laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery.

UNDER THE ETERNAL FLAME!:hmmm: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Four_graves.jpg/1024px-Four_graves.jpg
The eternal flame has been extinguished a few times by accident. On December 10, 1963, a group of Catholic schoolchildren were sprinkling the temporary flame with holy water (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_water). The cap came off the bottle and water poured onto the flame, putting it out. A cemetery official quickly relit the flame by hand. In August 1967, an exceptionally heavy rain extinguished the permanent flame. A nearby electrical transformer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer) flooded as well, depriving the spark igniter of power and preventing the flame from being relit. After the rain ended, a cemetery official relit the flame by hand. Two of the gravesite's flagstones had to be removed to access the transformer and repair it. :timeout:

[Jimbuna]

1778 British explorer Captain James Cook is the first European to visit Maui in the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii)

1898 SS Portland “The Titanic of New England” leaves for Cape Cod, shipwrecked off Cape Ann, all 192 on board killed.

1914 Battleship HMS Bulwark explodes at Sheerness Harbour, England, 788 die.

1916 Addressing the Chamber of Commerce in Cincinnati, US President Woodrow Wilson declares that 'The business of neutrality is over. The nature of modern war leaves no state untouched'

1922 English archaeologist Howard Carter opens Tutankhamun's virtually intact tomb in Egypt.

1940 Nazi Germany began walling off the Jewish Ghetto in Warsaw.

1941 Japanese naval carrier force left its base & moves east toward Pearl Harbor.

1944 Himmler orders destruction of Auschwitz & Birkenau crematoria.

1950 China enters Korean conflict, sends troops across Yalu River.

1990 Mikhail Gorbachev tells Iraq to get out of Kuwait.

2003 Supersonic airplane the Concorde makes its last ever flight, returning to Bristol, England.

[Jimbuna]

1895 Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel's will establishes the Nobel Prize.

1942 French navy at Toulon scuttles ships and submarines so Nazis cannot seize them.

1944 4,000 shells detonate in RAF arms depot at Fauld, near Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire; village of Hanbury destroyed, at least 70 people killed.

1958 USSR abrogates Allied war-time agreements on control of Germany.

1967 French President Charles de Gaulle said 'Non!' to British entry to the European Common Market for the second time.

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1944 4,000 shells detonate in RAF arms depot at Fauld, near Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire; village of Hanbury destroyed, at least 70 people killed.
R.A.F. PHOTO OF POST-BLAST CRATERhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Aerial_view_of_the_RAF_Fauld_explosion_crater_4_De cember_1944.jpgThere had been staff shortages, a management position had remained empty for a year, and 189 inexperienced Italian POWs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POW) were working in the mines at the time of the accident. In 1974, it was announced that the cause of the explosion was probably a site worker removing a detonator (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detonator) from a live bomb using a brass chisel rather than a wooden batten. The RAF Fauld explosion was one of the largest non-nuclear explosions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_artificial_non-nuclear_explosions) in history and the largest to occur on UK soil. THE BOMB STORE AS PAINTED BY WAR ARTIST DAVID BOMBERG
https://www.tate.org.uk/art/images/work/T/T06/T06672_10.jpg<In February 1942, however, he was invited to paint an underground bomb store at RAF Fauld in Tutbury near Burton-on-Trent, Staffordshire. Sited in a disused gypsum mine, it was one of the largest stores of munitions in Britain with a capacity to hold up to 20,000 tons of high explosives. 'I was a bit fearful,' his wife Lilian later remembered, 'when I learned David not only got lost among the bombs, but I knew how curiously he climbed, slithered and slid among and over the piles to get the angle and form of interest' .... Bomberg spent two weeks at RAF Fauld making numerous oil studies and drawings of the bomb store. He completed the paintings (http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/p/painting) once he returned to London, submitting four drawings with one large and two small paintings to the WAAC. https://uploads8.wikiart.org/images/david-bomberg/bomb-store-1942.jpg Although the bomb store series is now regarded as a high point in Bomberg's career, the WAAC considered the works too innovative and accepted just three drawings. The committee did not commission Bomberg again, and declined his offer to work on a large mural painting of the same subject.
Lilian Bomberg's concerns about the safety of the mine were proved disastrously prophetic when, on 27 November 1944, RAF Fauld accidentally blew up. The detonation of a single bomb ignited 3500 tons of high explosives, the largest explosion ever recorded on British soil. Sixty-eight people were killed and tremors were felt as far away as Southern Europe. https://www.wikiart.org/en/david-bomberg/bomb-store-1942 (https://www.wikiart.org/en/david-bomberg/bomb-store-1942)

[Jimbuna]

1775 Second Continental Congress formally establishes US Navy.

1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II of Prussia & Germany abdicates.

1934 Winston Churchill tells British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin not to under estimate German air power.

1943 Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin meet at the Tehran Conference in Iran to map out strategy.

1944 400 Rotterdammers attack coal warehouse. In reprisal 40 Dutch men are executed by Nazis.

1946 Dutch Nazi Anton Mussert sentenced to death.

[Jimbuna]

1887 US receives rights to Pearl Harbor, on Oahu, Hawaii.

1917 A Supreme Allied War Council meets at Versailles to define war aims.

1941 Passenger ship Lurline sends radio signal of sighting Japanese war fleet.

1943 US aircraft carrier Hornet launched.

1951 First underground atomic explosion at Frenchman Flat in Nevada.

[Jimbuna]

1487 The first German Beer Purity Law (Reinheitsgebot), is promulgated in Munich by Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria stating beer should be brewed from only three ingredients – water, malt and hops.

1941 Japanese Emperor Hirohito consults with admirals Shimada and Nagano.

1942 U-boats sink and damage 142 allied ships this month (877,774 tons)

1942 German supply vessel Uckermark (formerly called the Altmark) explodes and sinks off Yokohama.

1944 Biggest and last British battleship HMS Vanguard launched.

1953 French parachutists under Colonel De Castries attacks Dien Bien Phu.

1982 US submarine Thomas Edison collides with US Navy destroyer in South China Sea.

[Jimbuna]

1887 Sherlock Holmes first appears in print in "Study in Scarlet" by Arthur Conan Doyle.

1915 The US requests that Germany withdraw its military and naval attaches from the Embassy in Washington.

1939 SS-Fuhrer Himmler begins deportation of Polish Jews.

1941 Japanese Emperor Hirohito signs declaration of war.

1943 At the end of the Tehran Conference, the Big Three (Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt) agree that the invasion of Normandy should take place in May 1944.

[Aktungbby]

1887 Sherlock Holmes first appears in print in "Study in Scarlet" by Arthur Conan Doyle.
"Huzza! The game's afoot! Watson! Fetch your Webley!"... I've occasionally humorously uttered that in the course of 40+ years of armed employment-and everyone knew what I was talking about; probably due in part to Basil Rathbone/Nigel Bruces' fabulous portrayal of the sleuth.:yeah:

[Jimbuna]

1941 US Naval Intelligence ceases bugging Japanese consul.

1941 Japanese Marshal Admiral Yamamoto sends his fleet to Pearl Harbour.

1943 First RSHA (Reichssicherheitshauptamt - Nazi Reich Security Head Office) transport out of Vienna reaches Birkenau camp.

1990 First time 12 people in space at the same time.

[Jimbuna]

1943 Battle of Monte Cassino, Italy begins.

1944 Britain's Home Guard ('Dad's Army') is officially stood down at a special farewell parade in Hyde Park, London.

1989 Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev and US President George H. W. Bush, declare the Cold War over.

[Jimbuna]

1908 The world's ten leading maritime nations attend a Naval Conference in London; they agree on rules for blockade, convoys, and seizure of contraband.

1915 Henry Ford's peace ship, Oscar II, sails for Europe 'to get the boys out of the trenches by Christmas'

1918 US President Woodrow Wilson sails for Versailles Peace Conference in France.

1945 Senate approves US participation in United Nations.

1948 SS Kiangya hits mine in Whangpoo River, China, sinks killing 2,750.

1952 Killer fogs begin in London, England; the term "Smog" is coined.

1966 Military Working Dog "Nemo" saves the life of his handler Airman Robert A. Throneburg during the Vietnam War, surviving a gunshot wound to the nose.

1977 Jean-Bédel Bokassa crowns himself Emperor of the Central African Empire in a lavish ceremony costing US$20 million - one third of the nation's budget.

[Aktungbby]

1948 SS Kiangya hits mine in Whangpoo River, China, sinks killing 2,750.
SOME WOULD SAY HUANGPOO RIVER:03: SHE WAS REFLOATED AND RENAMED THE DONGFANG HONG 8 ...AND OPERATED 'TILL 1983!! https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Sunk_of_SS_Kiangya.jpg
:03:

[Jimbuna]

1872 Ship the Mary Celeste is discovered mysteriously abandoned by her crew in the Atlantic Ocean.

1941 US aircraft carrier Lexington and 5 heavy cruisers leave Pearl Harbor.

1945 Flight 19 the "Lost Squadron" of 5 torpedo bombers and 14 airmen is lost east of Florida in the supposed Bermuda Triangle.

1958 Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) is inaugurated in the UK by Queen Elizabeth II when she speaks to the Lord Provost in a call from Bristol to Edinburgh.

[Aktungbby]

1933: National prohibition comes to an end as Utah becomes the 36th state to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment. :Kaleun_Cheers::rock::()1::Kaleun_Party:

[Jimbuna]

1917 French munition ship "Mont Blanc" explodes in Halifax, Canada killing 1,700

1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty signed; Ireland receives dominion status; partition creates Northern Ireland.

1938 French/German non-attack treaty drawn (Ribbentrop-Bonnet Pact)

1941 Dutch & British pilots see Japanese invasion fleet at Singapore.

1957 First US attempt to launch a satellite fails-Vanguard rocket blows up.

1962 US abandons Skybolt ballistic missile programme.

[Jimbuna]

1941 Imperial Japanese Navy with 353 planes attack the US fleet at Pearl Harbor Naval Base, Hawaii, killing 2,403 people.

1941 First Japanese midget submarine (No. 20) attacked by a US ship (USS Ward)

[Aktungbby]

1941 Imperial Japanese Navy with 353 planes attack the US fleet at Pearl Harbor Naval Base, Hawaii, killing 2,403 people.

1941 First Japanese midget submarine (No. 20) attacked by a US ship (USS Ward)...and sunk by a gun crew from Minnesota!:arrgh!:http://usnhistory.navylive.dodlive.mil/files/2016/12/NH-97446-1024x826.jpeg (http://usnhistory.navylive.dodlive.mil/files/2016/12/NH-97446.jpeg):Kaleun_Salute: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/USS_Ward_4_inch_gun_Minnesota_Capitol.jpg/1024px-USS_Ward_4_inch_gun_Minnesota_Capitol.jpg http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HURL/gallery/archaeology/images/stbd_conning_sm.jpg (http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HURL/gallery/archaeology/images/stbd_conning.jpg) http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HURL/midget.php (http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HURL/midget.php)

[Jimbuna]

1914 Battle of the Falkland Island: British Royal Navy destroys a German battle squadron.

1915 John McCrae's poem "In Flanders Fields" appears anonymously in "Punch" magazine.

1941 US and Britain declare war on Japan, US enters World War II

1941 US President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivers "Day of Infamy" speech to US Congress a day after the bombing of Pearl Harbour.

[Jimbuna]

1868 The first traffic lights are installed outside the Palace of Westminster in London. Resembling railway signals, they use semaphore arms and are illuminated at night by red and green gas lamps.

1941 Adolf Hitler orders US ships to be torpedoed.

[Jimbuna]

1926 Second part of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf published.

1936 Edward VIII signs Instrument of Abdication, giving up the British throne to marry American divorcee Wallis Simpson.

1936 Britain replaces King Edward VIII stamp series with King George VI

1941 British battleship Prince of Wales and battlecruiser Repulse (Force Z ) sunk following Japanese aerial attacks off Malaya. 840 men die.

1942 An early report the Holocaust prepared by the Polish government-in-exile, using information obtained by Witold Pilecki, is addressed to UN member states.

1945 Preston Tucker reveals plan to produce the Torpedo, a new 150 MPH car.

[Jimbuna]

1936 Edward VIII announces in a radio broadcast that he is abdicating the British throne to marry Wallis Simpson.

1997 Delegates from 150 industrial nations attending a UN climate conference in Kyoto, Japan, reach agreement to control heat-trapping greenhouse gases.

[Aktungbby]

1792:King Louis XVI went before the Revolutionary Convention to face charges of treason...he was executed the following month! :/\\chop King Donald Trump must have done his homework!!; and has declined to appear before Congress:doh::

[Jimbuna]

1937 Japanese aircraft shell & sink US gunboat Panay on Yangtze River in China. (Japan apologized & eventually paid US $2.2M in reparations)

1946 UN accepts 6 Manhattan blocks as a gift from John D. Rockefeller Jr

2015 COP21 climate change summit in Paris reaches a deal between 195 countries to limit the rise in the global average temperature to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels.

[Aktungbby]

1937 Japanese aircraft shell & sink US gunboat Panay on Yangtze River in China. (Japan apologized & eventually paid US $2.2M in reparations)

/\ British Vice Admiral Lewis Ayre Gonne Crabbe CB DSO is awarded the US Navy Cross for courageously rescuing USS Panay survivors!:Kaleun_Salute:

[Jimbuna]

1939 Battle of the River Plate - 3 British cruisers vs German pocket battleship Graf Spee.

1941 U-81 torpedoes British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal.

1944 Japanese kamikaze crashes into US cruiser Nashville, kills 138.

2003 Former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein is captured near his home town of Tikrit, during Operation Red Dawn by US forces.

[Jimbuna]

1911 Norwegian Roald Amundsen's expedition is the first to each the South Pole.

1941 Premier Winston Churchill travels to US on board HMS Duke of York.

1941 U-557 torpedoes British cruiser Galatea.

2008 President George W. Bush make his fourth and final trip to Iraq as president and is almost struck by two shoes thrown at him by Iraqi journalist Muntadhar al-Zaidi during a farewell conference in Baghdad.

[Jimbuna]

1840 Napoleon Bonaparte receives a French state funeral in Paris 19 years after his death.

1914 British fleet forfeits chance to destroy German fleet in North Sea.

1917 An armistice is reached between the new Russian Bolshevik government and the Central Powers.

1941 German submarine U-127 sinks.

1941 Nazi's transfers 100 Czech citizens, Heinrich Himmler falls faint.

1941 USS Swordfish becomes first US submarine to sink a Japanese ship.

1944 Bandleader, Major Glenn Miller, lost over English Channel.

1944 Hizbu'allah (Arm forces for Allah) forms.

1961 Adolf Eichmann is sentenced to death for war crimes in Israel.

2006 First flight of the F-35 Lightning II

[Jimbuna]

1907 As a gesture of the US's new presence as a world power, President Theodore Roosevelt sends the 'Great White Fleet' on a round-the-world cruise, visiting ports internationally.

1914 German battleships under Franz Von Hipper bombard the English ports of Hartlepool and Scarborough.

1944 Germany launches a counteroffensive against the Allies in the Ardennes region of Belgium, beginning the 'Battle of the Bulge'

2016 US State Department increases reward for information on Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi to $25 million.

[Jimbuna]

1903 The Wright brothers make the 1st sustained motorized aircraft flight at 10:35 AM, piloted by Orville Wright at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

1927 US submarine S-4 sinks after collision killing all 34 aboard.

1939 German pocket battleship Graf Spee scuttled by its crew off Uruguay.

1941 German submarine U-31 sunk.

1944 US destroyers sink in storm off Philippines, 790 killed.

1969 USAF closes Project Blue Book, concluding no evidence of extraterrestrial spaceships behind thousands of UFO sightings.

[Jimbuna]

1916 Battle of Verdun, longest of World War I, officially ends in German defeat after nine months of fighting and almost 1 million total casualties.

1941 German submarine U-434 sinks.

1972 US launches Operation Linebacker II, its heaviest bombing of North Vietnam, as negotiations to end the Vietnam War collapse.

[Jimbuna]

1924 The last Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost is sold in London, England.

1941 German submarine U-574 sinks.

1941 Adolf Hitler takes complete command of German Army.

1949 Luxury passenger ship Aquitania demolished in Gareloch, Scotland.

1984 Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher sign the Sino-British Joint Declaration to transfer Hong Kong back to China in 1997.

[Jimbuna]

1915 Final withdraw of all allied troops from Anzac Cove.

1924 Adolf Hitler freed from jail early, having served only nine months of five-year sentence for "Beer Hall Putsch"

1941 First battle of the American Volunteer Group, better known as the "Flying Tigers" in Kunming, China.

1944 Battle of Bastogne: Germans surround 101st Airborne (NUTS!)

1957 Elvis Presley receives his draft notice to join the US Army for National Service.

1960 Auschwitz commandant Richard Bar arrested in German FR.

1963 Berlin Wall opens for first time to West Berliners.

1963 Trial against 21 camp guards of Auschwitz begins.

2007 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II becomes the oldest ever monarch of the United Kingdom, surpassing Queen Victoria, who lived for 81 years, 7 months and 29 days.

[Jimbuna]

1925 "Battleship Potemkin", Soviet silent film directed by Sergei Eisenstein, starring Aleksandr Antonov, Vladimir Barksy and Grigori Aleksandrov, premieres in Moscow.

1939 Adolf Hitler names Adolf Eichmann leader of "Referat IV B", responsible for evictions and Jewish immigration.

1941 German submarine U-567 sinks.

1988 Lockerbie disaster: Pan Am Flight 103 destroyed mid air by a terrorist bomb killing all 258 on board over Scotland.

[Aktungbby]

1891:At the YMCA Training School in Springfield Mass, William Naismith invents the first game of basketball...the score of this experimental game was 1-0!!?:timeout:

[Jimbuna]

1775 Continental navy organized with 7 ships.

1810 British frigate HMS Minotaur sinks killing 480.

1942 Adolf Hitler signs the order to develop the V-2 rocket as a weapon.

1944 Sub Swordfish departs Pearl Harbor for Japan.

1964 First flight of the US aircraft Lockheed SR-71, reaches 3,530 kph (record for a jet)

1970 Treblinka SS commander Franz Stangl sentenced to life imprisonment.

2010 Repeal of the "Don't Ask Don't Tell policy", a 17-year-old policy banning homosexuals serving openly in the US military, signed into law by President Barack Obama.

[Aktungbby]

1944: During the Battle of the Bulge, U.S. Brigadier General Anthony McAuliffe, under siege at Bastogne, rejected the Germany demand for surrender with a single word: "Nuts!" Sometimes brevity really is eloquence...:Kaleun_Salute:

[Jimbuna]

1944 Battle of Bastogne: Germans surround 101st Airborne (NUTS!)



....

[Aktungbby]

1944: During the Battle of the Bulge, U.S. Brigadier General Anthony McAuliffe, under siege at Bastogne, rejected the Germany demand for surrender with a single word: "Nuts!" Sometimes brevity really is eloquence...:Kaleun_Salute:

....no problem; the actual German delegation and the General's response occurred on 12/22/44...ie "this date in history":yep::yeah::O:

[Aktungbby]

1783: George Washington resigns as Commander in Chief of the Continental Army and retires to his home at Mt Vernon VA... where he remains to this day...:o

[Jimbuna]

1941 American forces on Wake Island surrender to Japanese.

1943 Gen Bernard Montgomery told he is appointed commandant for D-day.

1961 Fidel Castro announces Cuba will release 1,113 prisoners from failed 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion for $62M worth of food & medical supplies.

1962 Cuba starts returning US prisoners from Bay of Pigs invasion.

1968 82 members of US intelligence ship Pueblo released by North Korea.

[Jimbuna]

1814 Treaty of Ghent signed, ending the War of 1812 between the United States, the United Kingdom and their allies.

1818 Christmas carol "Silent Night" composed by Franz Xaver Gruber is first sung at St Nicholas parish church in Oberndorf, Austria.

1941 First ships of admiral Nagumo's Pearl Harbor fleet return to Japan.

1942 First powered flight of V-1 'buzz bomb', Peenemunde, Germany.

1943 US President FDR appoints General Eisenhower Supreme Commander of the Allied forces.

1980 Americans remembered Iran hostages by shining lights for 417 seconds.

[Jimbuna]

1066 William the Conqueror is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey, completing the Norman conquest of England.

1914 Legendary "Christmas Truce" takes place on the battlefields of WWI between British and German troops. Instead of fighting, soldiers exchange gifts and play football.

1926 Crown Prince Hirohito of Japan assumes the throne upon his father, Emperor Yoshihito's, death.

1932 During King George V's Christmas dinner speech his chair collapses.

1939 Montgomery Ward introduces Rudolph the 9th red-nosed reindeer.

1941 Japanese aircraft carriers Akagi/Kagu back in Kure, Japan.

1989 Show trial of Romanian Communist dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena on charges of genocide and personal enrichment. The couple are found guilty and executed by firing squad the same day.

1991 Mikhail Gorbachev formally resigns as President of USSR in a televised speech.

[Aktungbby]

1066 William the Conqueror is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey, completing the Norman conquest of England.The real X-Mass 'gift' was: nobody referred to him William the Bastard (of Normandy) after that!:O: It's good to be king!:shucks:

[Jimbuna]

1914 US Government protests British interference with American merchant ships at sea, on the same day Germans announce they will treat food as contraband, subject to seizure; weakens America's protest.

1918 After spending Christmas with American troops in France, President Wilson goes to London for preliminary discussions about the forthcoming peace conference.

1941 Winston Churchill becomes first British Prime Minister to address a joint meeting of the US Congress, warning that Axis would "stop at nothing"

1943 British sink German battlecruiser Scharnhorst.

[Jimbuna]

1923 Emperor Hirohito of Japan narrowly evades an assassination attempt by a Korean independence activist, Lee Bong-chang.

1942 First Japanese women camp (Ambarawa) goes into use.

2001 The People's Republic of China is granted permanent normal trade relations with the United States.

2012 NASA unveils plans to capture a 500 ton asteroid in 2025

[Jimbuna]

1915 British Cabinet recognizes the true nature of the war by deciding to institute compulsory military service, with single men to be conscripted before married ones.

1950 Chinese troops cross 38th Parallel, into South Korea.

1972 Martin Bormann's skeleton is found in Berlin (Hitlers deputy)

[Jimbuna]

1934 Japan renounces Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and London Treaty of 1930

1939 First flight of the Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber prototype.

1940 Worst German air raid on London as over 10,000 bombs including the 1st incendiary bombs are dropped on the city as part of the Blitz.

1944 Belgian Nazi Leon Degrelle sentenced to death.

1944 General Eisenhower's train returns to Versailles.

2016 US President Barack Obama retaliates against Russia for hacking American computer systems and trying to influence the 2016 presidential election by ejecting 35 Russian spies and imposing sanctions.

[Jimbuna]

1853 A dinner party is held inside a life-size model of an Iguanodon (ornithopod dinosaur) created by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins and Sir Richard Owen in south London.

1922 Creation of the USSR formally proclaimed in Moscow from the Bolshoi Theatre, Soviet Union organized as a federation of RSFSR, Ukrainian SSR, Belorussian SSR and Transcaucasian SSR.

1941 In an emotional speech to the Canadian Parliament Winston Churchill states Britain will never surrender to "Hitler and his Nazi gang" and that "they have asked for total war. Let us make sure they get it". Afterwards Yousef Karsh captures him in his famous photograph, "The Roaring Lion".

2016 Ray Davies of The Kinks is awarded a knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II

[Jimbuna]

1775 Battle of Quebec in American Revolutionary War; Americans defeated trying to take British stronghold.

1857 Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa as new capital of Canada.

1862 Union ironclad ship "Monitor" sank off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.

1942 Battle of the Barents Sea between British Navy and German Kriegsmarine off North Cape, Norway.

1946 US President Harry Truman officially proclaims end of WW II

1964 Donald Campbell (UK) sets world water speed record (276.33 mph)

1997 Microsoft buys Hotmail email service for $400 million and re-launches it as MSN Hotmail.

[Jimbuna]

1801 The Irish Parliament votes to join the Kingdom of Great Britain, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

1909 In Great Britain, the Old Age Pension Law is finally instituted, providing pensions for every British subject over 70 with low income.

1910 British naval officer David Beatty is promoted to rear-admiral.

1919 British naval officer David Beatty is promoted to full admiral.

1946 Emperor Hirohito of Japan announces he is not a god.

1958 European Economic Community, better known as the European Common Market starts operation.

[Jimbuna]

1833 Re-establishment of British rule on the Falklands.

1879 British battleship Thunder explodes in Gulf of Ismid, 9 die.

1941 World War II: The U.S. government announces its Liberty ship program to build freighters in support of the war effort.

1942 World War II: the 28 nations at war with Axis powers pledge to make no separate peace deals.

[Jimbuna]

1941 Canada & US acquire air bases in Newfoundland (99 yr lease)

1944 World War II: Top Ace Major Greg "Pappy" Boyington is shot down in his Corsair by Captain Masajiro Kawato flying a Zero.

1945 British Premier Winston Churchill visits France.

1945 US aircraft carriers attack Okinawa.

1945 Admiral Chester Nimitz begins planning assaults on Okinawa and Iwo Jima in Japan.

2020 US drone strike kills top Iranian security and intelligence commander, Maj. Gen. Qassim Suleimani outside Baghdad airport in Iraq.

[Aktungbby]

2020 US drone strike kills top Iranian security and intelligence commander, Maj. Gen. Qassim Suleimani outside Baghdad airport in Iraq. The commander, Maj. Gen. Qassim Suleimani, and several officials from Iraqi militias backed by Tehran were killed when an American MQ-9 Reaper drone fired missiles into a convoy that was leaving the airport. "WHAT FASCINATING MODERN AGE WE LIVE IN" http://www.subsim.com/radioroom/images/ranks/luckyjack15.jpg meets: "Holy Shiite Batman" https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Robin_v2_1_%28November_1993%29.png/100px-Robin_v2_1_%28November_1993%29.png (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robin_v2_1_(November_1993).png):k_confused:ht tps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/432d_Operations_Group_-_ACC_-_Emblem.png/250px-432d_Operations_Group_-_ACC_-_Emblem.png (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:432d_Operations_Group_-_ACC_-_Emblem.png) http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/iraqi-tv-reports-strike-kills-powerful-iranian-revolutionary-guard-commander/ar-BBYz0Zs?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=ieslice (http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/iraqi-tv-reports-strike-kills-powerful-iranian-revolutionary-guard-commander/ar-BBYz0Zs?li=BBnb7Kz&ocid=ieslice)
I'm no longer optimistic about a happy new year this AM!:k_confused:

[Jimbuna]

1847 Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol to the United States government.

1939 Hermann Goering appoints Reinhard Heydrich head of Jewish Emigration.

1944 Operation Carpetbagger begins (aerial dropping of supplies and weapons to resistance fighters in Europe).

1945 US jeep-aircraft carrier Ommaney Bay sinks after Japanese kamikaze attack.

1951 Korean War: Chinese forces recapture Seoul.

1967 Donald Campbell is killed while driving a Bluebird K7, a jet-powered boat, on Coniston Water; Campbell was trying to beat his own speed record.

1989 US F-14s shoot down 2 Libyan jet fighters over Mediterranean.

2007 The 110th United States Congress convenes and elects Nancy Pelosi as the 1st female Speaker of the House.

[Aktungbby]

2010:Tsutomu Yamaguchi, the only person recognized as a survivor of both Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings, died at age 91 in Nagasaki...ie: Mr Rucky if ever!!:Kaleun_Salute:

[Jimbuna]

1919 German Workers' Party forms, precursor to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi)

1957 US President Eisenhower asks Congress to send troops to the Middle East.

1972 US President Nixon signs a bill for NASA to begin research on a manned space shuttle.

1981 British police arrest Peter Sutcliffe, a truck driver later convicted of "Yorkshire Ripper" murders of 13 women.

[Jimbuna]

1681 First recorded boxing match (Duke of Albemarle's butler vs his butcher)

1941 US President Franklin Roosevelt makes his "Four Freedoms" speech (freedom of speech and worship; freedom from want and fear) during his US State of Union address.

2016 North Korea states that they have successfully conducted their fourth nuclear test, saying it was a hydrogen bomb in a claim disputed by most international experts.

[Aktungbby]

1681 First recorded boxing match (Duke of Albemarle's butler vs his butcher)

CATFISH AND I CATEGORICALLY DISPUTE THIS BRITANICLLY BIASED CALUMNY :Dhttps://www.ancient-origins.net/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/Virgils.jpg?itok=c1nerKtI
<Virgil's ‘Aeneid‘, Book 5, when the aging Sicilian champion Entellus defeats the young Trojan Dares, blood spurting from his injured head. Both wear caestūs. Mosaic floor from a Gallo-Roman villa in Villelaure, France, ca. 175 AD. AND THERE'S MORE: https://ejmas.com/jcs/2010jcs/jcsart_murray_1007.html (https://ejmas.com/jcs/2010jcs/jcsart_murray_1007.html)

[Jimbuna]

1915 Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm approves strategic bombing of Britain, but forbids bombing London, fearing his relatives in the royal family might be killed.

1916 In response to pressure from President Woodrow Wilson, Germany notifies the US State Department that it will abide by strict international rules of maritime warfare.

1944 US Air Force announces production of 1st US jet fighter, the Bell P-59

1945 Lord Haw-Haw (William Joyce) reports total German victory in the Ardennes.

1953 US President Harry Truman announces American development of the hydrogen bomb.

1960 The Polaris missile is tested.

1998 Former White House intern Monica Lewinsky signs affidavit denying she had an affair with President Bill Clinton.

1999 President Bill Clinton's Impeachment trial begins in the US Senate after the House voted to impeach him for lying about his affair with Monica Lewinsky.

[Jimbuna]

1835 US national debt is $0 for the first and only time in history.

1916 WWI: ANZAC forces withdraw from the Gallipoli Peninsula after Ottoman forces successfully defend access to Constantinople.

1988 Hewlett-Packard introduces HP-28S Advanced Scientific Calculator.

1992 George H. W. Bush gets ill and vomits on Japanese prime minister's lap.

2004 RMS Queen Mary 2, the largest passenger ship ever built, is christened by her namesake's granddaughter, Queen Elizabeth II

2013 130 wildfires across Australia’s east coast force thousands to evacuate their homes.

[Jimbuna]

1806 Admiral Viscount Horatio Nelson receives a state funeral and is interred in St Paul's Cathedral, London.

1941 Maiden flight by Canada's British-built Avro Lancaster military plane.

1983 British PM Margaret Thatcher visits Falkland Islands.

1986 After losing a patent battle with Polaroid, Kodak must give up its instant camera business.

[Jimbuna]

1916 In retaliation for President Woodrow Wilson's recognition of the Carranza government, members of Pancho Villa's revolutionary army take 17 US mining engineers from a train and shoot 16 of them in cold blood.

1943 Soviet offensive against German 6th and 4th Armies near Stalingrad.

1943 First US President to visit a foreign country in wartime - FDR leaves for Casablanca, Morocco.

1946 UN General Assembly meets for first time in London.

1947 Greek steamer "Himara" strikes a wartime mine in Saronic Gulf south of Athens with loss of 392 of 637 aboard.

1951 UN headquarters opens in Manhattan NY.

[Jimbuna]

1863 Naval engagement near Galveston between CSS Alabama & USS Hatteras.

1920 French passenger ship Afrique sinks near La Rochelle; 553 die.

1964 First government report by US Surgeon General Luther Terry warning that smoking may be hazardous.

[Jimbuna]

1816 France decrees Bonaparte family excluded from the country forever.

1913 After using other pseudonyms over the years, Josef Dzhugashvili signs himself as Stalin ("man of steel") in a letter to the newspaper Social Democrat.

1916 Max Immelmann and Oswald Boelcke receive the Pour le Merite, the German Empire's highest military award, for achieving eight aerial victories each over Allied aircraft.

1945 German forces in Belgium retreat in Battle of Bulge.

1945 US Task Force 38 destroys 41 Japanese ships in Battle of South China Sea.

1962 Operation Ranch Hand begins, a US Air Force operation to spray South Vietnamese forests with defoliants such as Agent Orange.

[Jimbuna]

1908 Henri Farman becomes the first person to fly an observed circuit of more than 1km, winning the Grand Prix d'Aviation.

1915 Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty, presents plan for assault on Dardanelles.

1923 Taking advantage of the chaotic condition of Germany, Hitler stages a demonstration of 5000 storm troopers and denounces the 'November crime'

1939 The Black Friday bush fires burn 20,000 square kilometres of land in Australia, claiming the lives of 71 people.

1942 German U-boats begin harassing shipping on US east coast.

1942 World War II: First use of aircraft ejection seat by a German test pilot in a Heinkel He 280 jet fighter.

1943 Adolf Hitler declares "Total War" against the Allies.

[Jimbuna]

1784 US Revolutionary War ends with the US Congress of the Confederation ratifying the Treaty of Paris.

1943 Japan begins Operation Ke, withdrawal of its troops from Guadalcanal.

1943 World War II: Franklin D. Roosevelt travels from Miami to Morocco to meet with Winston Churchill, becoming the first American president to travel by airplane.

1943 World War II: Casablanca Conference begins between Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt.

1960 US Army promotes Elvis Presley to Sergeant.

1969 25 members of US aircraft carrier Enterprise die during maneuvers.

[Jimbuna]

1559 Elizabeth I crowned Queen of England in Westminster Abbey.

1870 Donkey first used as symbol of Democratic Party, in Harper's Weekly.

1943 1st transport of Jews from Amsterdam to concentration camp Vught.

1943 World's largest office building, the Pentagon is completed to house the US military.

1944 Vught Concentration Camp puts 74 women in 1 cell, 10 die.

2001 Wikipedia a free Wiki or content encyclopedia is launched by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger.

[Aktungbby]

1919: Around lunchtime on the afternoon of January 15, 1919, a giant tank of molasses burst open in Boston’s North End. More than two million gallons of thick liquid poured out like a tsunami wave, reaching speeds of up to 35 miles per hour. The molasses flooded streets, crushed buildings and trapped horses in an event that ultimately killed 21 people and injured 150 more. The smell of molasses lingered for decades. REASONS: Among them: flawed steel, safety oversights, fluctuating air temperatures and the principles of fluid dynamics- ALL CAPPED BY CORPORATE GREED. https://www.history.com/news/great-molasses-flood-science (https://www.history.com/news/great-molasses-flood-science) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Boston_post-January_16%2C_1919%2C.jpg/170px-Boston_post-January_16%2C_1919%2C.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boston_post-January_16,_1919,.jpg)<CLIK 2 ENLARGE) BEFORE>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/North_End_molasses_tank.jpgAFTER>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/BostonMolassesDisaster.jpg/800px-BostonMolassesDisaster.jpg
Several factors might have contributed to the disaster. The tank was constructed poorly and tested insufficiently, and carbon dioxide production might have raised the internal pressure due to fermentation in the tank. Warmer weather the previous day would have assisted in building this pressure, as the air temperature rose from 2 to 41 °F (−17 to 5.0 °C) over that period. The failure occurred from a manhole cover near the base of the tank, and a fatigue crack there possibly grew to the point of criticality.
The tank had been filled to capacity only eight times since it was built a few years previously, putting the walls under an intermittent, cyclical load. Several authors say that the Purity Distilling Company was trying to out-race prohibition,as the 18th amendment (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_the_Un ited_States) (CORPORATE GREED!) was ratified the next day (January 16, 1919) and took effect one year later.An inquiry after the disaster revealed that Arthur Jell, USIA's treasurer, neglected basic safety tests while overseeing construction of the tank, such as filling it with water insufficient to check for leaks, and ignored warning signs such as groaning noises each time the tank was filled. He had no architectural or engineering experience. When filled with molasses, the tank leaked so badly that it was painted brown to hide them. Local residents collected leaked molasses for their homes. A 2014 investigation applied modern engineering analysis and found that the steel was half as thick as it should have been for a tank of its size, even with the lax standards of the day, and it also lacked manganese (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese) :oops:and was made more brittle as a result.. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Molasses_Flood#cite_note-GlobeSchworm-25) The tank's rivets (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivet) were also apparently flawed, and cracks first formed at the rivet holes.
In 2016, a team of scientists and students at Harvard University (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University) conducted extensive studies of the disaster, gathering data from many sources, including 1919 newspaper articles, old maps, and weather reports. The student researchers also studied the behavior of cold corn syrup flooding a scale model of the affected neighborhood. The researchers concluded that the reports of the high speed of the flood were credible.Two days before the disaster, warmer molasses had been added to the tank, reducing the viscosity of the fluid. When the tank collapsed, the fluid cooled quickly as it spread, until it reached Boston's winter evening temperatures and the viscosity increased dramatically. The Harvard study concluded that the molasses cooled and thickened quickly as it rushed through the streets, (EST: 35 MPH??!!) hampering efforts to free victims before they suffocated. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMNo7IwwXDQ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMNo7IwwXDQ)

[Jimbuna]

1917 "Zimmermann Telegram" is sent from Germany to Mexico, stating in the event of the US entering World War I on the allied side, Mexico would be given Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. Intercepted by British intelligence and partially deciphered by the next day. It's release in March shifts US public opinion in favour of war against Germany.

1920 1st assembly of the League of Nations is held in Paris.

1943 Red Army recaptures Pitomnik airport at Stalingrad.

1944 General Eisenhower takes command of Allied Invasion Force in London.

1945 Adolf Hitler moves into the Fuhrerbunker, his underground bunker in Berlin.

1957 Three B-52s leave California for first non-stop round world flights.

[Aktungbby]

1912 :A day before reaching the South Pole, Robert Scott and his expedition found evidence tha Roald Amundsen of Norway had gotten there first...I know they were cold but I know they had to be pissed-off too.:Kaleun_Mad:

[Jeff-Groves]

1920 Prohibition takes effect stopping the sale and consumption of alcohol when the 18th Amendment went into effect.

This would be the beginning of some of the most powerful Crime Organizations
in the U.S.A.
The exception to that would be the Military Complex.

[Jimbuna]

1779 Captain James Cook's last notation in Discovery's ship's log.

1912 Captain Robert Scott's expedition arrives at the South Pole, one month after Roald Amundsen.

1944 British corvette HMS Violet sinks U-641 in Atlantic Ocean.

1945 Auschwitz concentration camp begins evacuation.

1955 US Submarine Nautilus begins first nuclear-powered test voyage.

1991 Operation Desert Storm begins, with US-led coalition forces bombing Iraq, during the Gulf War.

[Jimbuna]

1788 First elements of the First Fleet carrying 736 convicts from England to Australia arrives at Botany Bay to set up a penal colony.

1911 First shipboard landing of a plane (Tanforan Park to USS Pennsylvania).

1919 The Paris peace conference (aka the Versailles peace conference) opens to draw up the treaties formally ending the Great War (WWI)

1945 Soviet Armed Forces enter Krakow, Poland and push Germans out, only to eventually occupy entire country.

1957 3 B-52's set record for around-the-world flight, 45 hr 19 min.

1962 US begins spraying foliage in Vietnam to reveal Viet Cong guerrillas.

1973 John Cleese's final episode on "Monty Python's Flying Circus" on BBC TV

1981 Iran accepts US offer of $7.9 billion in frozen assets.

[Aktungbby]

1911 First shipboard landing of a plane (Tanforan Park to USS Pennsylvania).


https://airandspace.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/slideshow_lg/public/images/WEB10642-2006_640.jpg?itok=LDN_dd7CEUGENE ELY https://airandspace.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/body_large/public/images/editoral-stories/thumbnails/NH77579_640.jpg?itok=Lsd5ig0DHAD ALSO DONE THE FIRST TAKEOFF FROM A SHIP NOV 14 1910 https://airandspace.si.edu/sites/default/files/styles/body_large/public/images/WEB11687-2010_640.jpg?itok=toTnsVLJ
CIRCUIT COMPLETE: NAVAL CARRIER WARFARE IS THEORETICALLY POSSIBLE!

[Jimbuna]

1915 World War I: 4 people in Norfolk are killed in the first German Zeppelin air raid attack on the United Kingdom.

1923 UK Chancellor of the Exchequer Stanley Baldwin and US Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon agree to reschedule repayment of Britain's $4.5 billion war debt over 62 years.

1940 The Three Stooges film "You Nazty Spy!" about the Nazis released with the disclaimer "Any resemblance between the characters in this picture and any persons, living or dead, is a miracle."

1971 The Beatles' "Helter Skelter" is played at Charles Manson trial.

[Jimbuna]

1841 China cedes Hong Kong to the British during the first Opium War.

1879 British troops under Lord Chelmsford make camp at Isandlwana.

1921 British submarine HMS K5 (which was unusually equipped with steam turbines) sinks with 57 crew during exercises in the Bay of Biscay.

1942 Nazi officials hold notorious Wannsee Conference in Berlin to organize the "final solution", the extermination of Europe's Jews.

1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt sworn-in for an unprecedented (and never to be repeated) fourth term as US President.

1981 The US diplomats and citizens held hostage at the US embassy in Tehran are released and begin their journey home after 444 days.

[Jimbuna]

1919 Irish militant nationalist party Sinn Fein creates its own parliament in Dublin and declares Ireland independent of Great Britain, sparking the Irish War of Independence.

1934 Parisian baker and "student of medieval life" Henri Littière appears in court charged with forcing his adulterous wife Juliette to wear a chastity belt. Having committed the same offence in 1932, he was sentenced to three months in prison and fined 50 francs for cruelty to his wife.

1943 Soviet forces reconquer Gumrak airport near Stalingrad.

1943 Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham, Royal Navy, promoted to Admiral of the Fleet.

1944 447 German bombers attack London.

1944 649 British bombers attack Magdeburg.

1954 USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine, launched on the Thames River in Connecticut.

1968 US B-52 bomber with nuclear bomb on board crashes in Greenland.

1976 Supersonic Concorde has its first commercial flights.

1977 US President Jimmy Carter pardons almost all Vietnam War draft evaders.

[Jimbuna]

1879 Zulu warriors attack British Army camp in Isandhlwana, South Africa.

1879 Battle of Rorke's Drift: British garrison of 150 holds off 3,000-4,000 Zulu warriors. Eleven Victoria Crosses and a number of other decorations were awarded to the defenders.

[Jimbuna]

1904 Ålesund Fire: the Norwegian coastal town Ålesund is devastated by fire, leaving 10,000 people homeless and one person dead. Kaiser Wilhelm II funds the rebuilding of the town in Jugendstil style.

1920 Dutch refuse to turn over ex-Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany to allies.

1945 World War II: Karl Dönitz launches Operation Hannibal.

1960 Bathosphere "Trieste", crewed by Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh, reaches bottom of Pacific (10,900 m)

1962 British intelligence officer Kim Philby defects to USSR.

1968 Spy ship USS Pueblo and 83-man crew seized in Sea of Japan by North Korea.

[Aktungbby]

1879 Zulu warriors attack British Army camp in Isandhlwana, unmitigated disaster #1 by overwhelming numbers...

1968 Spy ship USS Pueblo and 83-man crew seized in Sea of Japan by North Korea.unmitigated disaster #2 by overwhelming numbers...resulting in compromised Navy communications for decades (Walker spy ring)and the USS Pueblo is still a trophy on display in the N. KOREA....in the vicinity of the USS General Sherman incident sinking with looss of all crewmen...nuthin' goes outta style in the DPRK! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Sherman_incident (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Sherman_incident)

[Jimbuna]

41 Claudius succeeds his nephew Caligula as Roman Emperor after the later's assassination by officers of the Praetorian Guard.

1943 Adolf Hitler orders German troops at Stalingrad to fight to the death.

1943 Jewish patients, nurses and doctors incinerated at Auschwitz-Birkenau.

1958 After warming to 100,000,000 degrees, two light atoms are bashed together to create a heavier atom, resulting in first man-made nuclear fusion.

1972 Japanese Sgt. Shoichi Yokoi is found hiding in a Guam jungle, where he had been since the end of World War II.

2019 17 temperature records broken in South Australia including highest ever recorded for capital Adelaide at 46.6C

[Aktungbby]

1935:beer is first sold in cans in Richmond Virginia, by the Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company!
Ya really can't have a proper 'sixpack' unless it's in cans!?? :yeah::arrgh!::Kaleun_Cheers:

[Jimbuna]

1940 Nazi decrees establishment of Jewish ghetto in Lodz Poland.

1955 Russia ends state of war with Germany.

1969 US-North Vietnamese peace talks begin in Paris.

1971 Military coup in Uganda under Major General Idi Amin.

1974 Dr Christiaan Barnard transplants first heterotopic heart transplant (adding donor heart without removal of old).

1980 Highest speed attained by a warship, 167 kph, USN hovercraft.

1981 52 Americans held hostage by Iran for 444 days arrived back in US.

[Jimbuna]

1788 Captain Arthur Phillip and British colonists hoist the Union Flag at Sydney Cove, New South Wales, now celebrated as Australia Day.

1907 The Short Magazine Lee-Enfield Mk III rifle officially introduced into British Military Service, 2nd oldest military rifle still in official use.

1932 British submarine M-2 sinks in English Channel (60 dead).

1942 First US force in Europe during WW II go ashore in Northern Ireland.

1942 Italian supreme command demands dismissal of German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel.

1945 Soviet forces reach Auschwitz concentration camp.

1968 Israeli submarine Dakar sinks in Mediterranean Sea, 69 die.

1998 President Bill Clinton says "I want to say one thing to the American people; I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky"

[Aktungbby]

1945: AUDIE MURPHY IS PROMOTED TO COMPANY COMMANDER AND EARNS THE CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR HOLDING OFF A GERMAN ADVANCE ATOP A BURNING TANK DESTROYER FOR AN HOUR, MANNING A .50 CALIBER MACHINE-GUN AND INFLICTING 50 CASUALTIES. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Audie_Murphy.jpg/250px-Audie_Murphy.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Audie_Murphy.jpg) As the company awaited reinforcements on 26 January, he was made commander of Company B.
The Germans scored a direct hit on an M10 tank destroyer (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M10_tank_destroyer), setting it alight, forcing the crew to abandon it. Murphy ordered his men to retreat to positions in the woods, remaining alone at his post, shooting his M1 carbine (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_carbine) and directing artillery fire via his field radio while the Germans aimed fire directly at his position. Murphy mounted the abandoned, burning tank destroyer and began firing its .50 caliber machine gun (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Browning_machine_gun) at the advancing Germans, killing a squad crawling through a ditch towards him. For an hour, Murphy stood on the flaming tank destroyer returning German fire from foot soldiers and advancing tanks, killing or wounding 50 Germans. He sustained a leg wound during his stand, and stopped only after he ran out of ammunition. Murphy rejoined his men, disregarding his own injury, and led them back to repel the Germans. He insisted on remaining with his men while his wounds were treated.
For his actions that day, he was awarded the Medal of Honor (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor). :Kaleun_Salute: https://amhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/img/media/666_l.jpg (https://amhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/zoomify/zoomify.asp?id=666&type=i&width=640&height=480&hideAlt=1)

[Jimbuna]

1944 Siege of Leningrad lifted by the Soviets after 880 days and more than 2 million Russians killed.

1945 Soviet troops liberate Auschwitz and Birkenau Concentration Camps in Poland.

1973 US & North Vietnam's William Rogers & Nguyen Duy Trinh sign cease-fire, ending longest US war and military draft.

[Jimbuna]

1915 First US ship lost in WW I, William P Frye (carrying wheat to UK)

1942 WW II Navy flier Don Mason sends message "Sighted sub sank same"

1944 683 British bombers attack Berlin.

1944 U-271 & U-571 sunk off Ireland.

1945 General "Vinegar Joe" Stillwell and truck convoy reopen Burma Road to China.

1958 The Lego company patents their design of Lego bricks, still compatible with bricks produced today.

1968 Radiation alert following B-52 crash in Arctic air base of Thule in Greenland.

1980 USCGC Blackthorn (WLB-391) collides with the tanker Capricorn while leaving Tampa Florida and capsizes killing 23 Coast Guard crewmembers.

1986 Space Shuttle Challenger explodes 73 seconds after liftoff from Cape Canaveral, with all 7 crew members killed, including Christa McAuliffe who was to be the first teacher in space.

[Jimbuna]

1856 Victoria Cross established to acknowledge valour in the face of the enemy (United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries)

1917 British submarine K13 sank in Gaire Loch, Scotland; 32 of her crew died.

1943 New Zealand cruiser Kiwi collides with Japanese submarine I-1 at Guadalcanal.

1943 U.S. cruiser "Chicago" is heavily damaged by Japanese bombers on the first day of the Battle of Rennell Island.

1944 285 German bombers attack London.

1944 USS Missouri, the last battleship commissioned by the US Navy, is launched.

1980 6 Iranian-held US hostages escape with help of Canadians.

2002 US President George W. Bush in his State of the Union address describes "regimes that sponsor terror" an "Axis of Evil", which includes Iraq, Iran and North Korea.

[Jimbuna]

1661 Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England is ritually executed after having been dead for two years.

1835 Richard Lawrence misfires at President Andrew Jackson in Washington, D.C. in first attempted assassination of a US President.

1862 USS Monitor, the US Navy's first ironclad warship launched.

1895 SS Elbe sinks after collision in North Sea, 332 killed.

1933 President Paul von Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler as Reich Chancellor of Germany who forms a government with Franz von Papen.

1933 After Paul von Hindenburg appoints Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany, his former WWI colleague General Erich Ludendorff sends a letter to him stating "this accursed man will cast our Reich into the abyss and bring our nation to inconceivable misery"

1939 Adolf Hitler threatens Jews during his speech to the German Reichstag (Parliament)

1943 6 British Mosquitos bomb Berlin in daylight.

1943 Adolf Hitler promotes Friedrich Paulus, commander of the 6th Army, to Field Marshal in the hope that he will not surrender.

1943 USS Chicago sinks in Pacific Ocean.

1945 "Wilhelm Gustloff" torpedoed off Danzig by Soviet sub-c 9,400 die.

1945 American Rangers and Filipino resistance fighters liberate over 500 Allied POWs from Japanese at Cabanatuan.

1965 State Funeral of Winston Churchill at St Paul's Cathedral in London. Then world's largest ever state funeral.

1969 The Beatles perform their last live gig, a 42 minute concert on the roof of Apple Corps HQ in London.

1972 Bloody Sunday: 27 unarmed civilians are shot (14 are killed) by the British Army during a civil rights march in Derry, Northern Ireland; this is the highest death toll from a single shooting incident during 'the Troubles'

[Jimbuna]

1915 1st (German) poison gas attack, against Russians.

1917 Germany notifies US that U-boats will attack neutral merchant ships.

1918 A series of accidental collisions on a misty Scottish night leads to the loss of two Royal Navy submarines with over a hundred lives, and damage to another five British warships.

1933 Adolf Hitler promises parliamentary democracy.

1943 Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus surrenders to Soviet troops at Stalingrad.

1950 US President Harry Truman publicly announces support for the development of a hydrogen bomb.

1985 South African President P. W. Botha offers to free Nelson Mandela if he denounces violence.

[Jimbuna]

1587 Queen Elizabeth I of England signs death warrant for her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots.

1861 Texas secedes from the Union (which precipitates the American Civil War)

1917 German Großadmiral Alfred von Tirpitz announces unlimited submarine war.

1933 German Parliament is dissolved by President Paul von Hindenburg by the request of new chancellor Adolf Hitler.

1942 Second Norwegian government of Quisling forms.

1943 German occupiers make Vidkun Quisling Norwegian premier.

1958 Manchester United beats Arsenal, 5-4 at Highbury in the team's last game on British soil, 5 days prior to the plane crash at Munich airport that killed 7 players.

1968 Saigon police chief Nguyễn Ngọc Loan executes Viet Cong officer Nguyễn Văn Lém with a pistol shot to head. The execution is captured by photographer Eddie Adams and becomes an anti-war icon.

2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry into the Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts aboard.

[Jimbuna]

1653 New Amsterdam becomes a city (later renamed New York)

1709 British sailor Alexander Selkirk is rescued by William Dampier after being marooned on a desert island for 5 years, his story inspires "Robinson Crusoe"

1901 Queen Victoria's Funeral takes place in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, England.

1944 Allied troops first set foot on Japanese territory.

1954 President Eisenhower reports detonation of 1st H-bomb (done in 1952)

1974 The F-16 Fighting Falcon flies for the first time.

[Jimbuna]

1917 US liner Housatonic is sunk by German submarine, on the same day that US President Woodrow Wilson breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany.

1945 Almost 1,000 Flying Fortresses drop 3,000 tons of bombs on Berlin.

2016 Lord Lucan's death certificate is granted, 42 years after he disappeared following the murder of nanny Sandra Rivett.

[Aktungbby]

02/02/2020::Kaleun_Thumbs_Up: :Kaleun_Cheers::Kaleun_Party:

It’s the date the world has been waiting for, for more than 900 years. Sunday – 02/02/2020 – is the first “global” palindrome since 11/11/1111.
Unlike other palindromic dates, such as 10/02/2001, 2 February, 2020 is considered a global palindrome because it is exactly the same written both in the DD/MM/YYYY format as well as the US standard of MM/DD/YYYY.
And for nations like China (https://www.theguardian.com/world/china), where the year comes first, 2020/02/02 also works. :x
The next global palindrome will be 12/02/2021, which will be that last for another 1,009 years.
WOW! JUST KNOWING THIS MORE THAN MAKES UP FOR THE 49er's SUPERBOWL DISASTER....:Kaleun_Crying:now if I can just hang on for another 23 months....I'll have had two palindrome days in one lifetime-something to shoot for indeed! :O: :arrgh!:

[Jimbuna]

1938 Adolf Hitler seizes control of German army and puts Nazis in key posts.

1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin meet at Yalta in the Crimea to discuss the final phase of World War II

2004 Mark Zuckerberg launches Facebook from his Harvard dormitory room.

[Jimbuna]

1917 The last of the American troops commanded by General John Pershing leave Mexico; President Carranza will be assassinated within the next year.

1918 First US pilot to down an enemy airplane, Stephen W. Thompson.

1931 Malcolm Campbell sets world land speed record speed of 246.08 mph driving his famous Blue Bird car at Daytona Beach, Florida.

1969 US population reaches 200 million.

1981 Military jury in North Carolina convicts Robert Garwood of collaborating with the enemy during the Vietnam War.

[Aktungbby]

1918:SS Tuscania, a Cunard liner transporting 2000 American troops to Europe during WWI, is torpedoed in the Irish Sea by UB-77 https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/images/News/SS_Tuscania_1918_/Ceremony_February_2018/_99879668_mediaitem99879667.jpg with the loss of more than 200 people. One notable survivor was Harry Truman who died at his Spirit Lake home with his 16 cats on Mt. St. Helens when it erupted in 1980. A monument still exists https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/578A/production/_101101422_inisislaynewsdoug_frame_31461.png on the nearby Isle of Islay's Mull of Oa where the bodies washed up; https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/images/News/SS_Tuscania_1918_/Ceremony_February_2018/_99882856_aa9cb7f9-db1c-46b4-99bf-f7e4d1e0ef7e.jpgand a commemoration took place on the hundredth anniversary on Islay https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/images/News/SS_Tuscania_1918_/Ceremony_February_2018/_99891746_tuscania1.jpg at the grave of the only American still remaining buried there: pvt Roy Muncaster :Kaleun_Salute: https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/images/News/SS_Tuscania_1918_/Ceremony_February_2018/_99893168_ww100islay-lw006.jpg https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-43948079 (https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-43948079)

[Jimbuna]

1819 Stamford Raffles founds Singapore as a British trading port.

1862 American Civil War: Naval engagement on Tennessee River, USS Conestago vs CSS Appleton Belle.

1919 The first day of the Weimar Republic which, because of its support of the Treaty of Versailles, does not receive proper allegiance from the German nation.

1943 First Spitfire in action above Darwin, Australia, Mu Ki-46 shot down.

1952 Queen Elizabeth II succeeds King George VI to the British throne and proclaimed Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms including Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

[Jimbuna]

1845 The Portland Vase, thought to date to the 1st century BC is shattered into more than 80 pieces by a drunken visitor to the British Museum.

1991 The IRA launches a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street during a cabinet meeting.

1992 Maastricht Treaty signed by 12 countries from the European Community (EC) to create the European Union (EU)

[Jimbuna]

1587 Mary, Queen of Scots, is beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle aged 44 after being convicted of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth I in the Babington Plot.

1807 Battle of Eylau ends inconclusively between Napoleon's forces and Russian Empire - first battle Napoleon isn't victorious.

1912 British Emissary journeys to Berlin to suggest that Britain might support German colonial aspirations in Africa if Germany agrees to hold her current naval strength.

1916 French cruiser "Admiral Charner" torpedoed off Syrian coast, kills 374.

1960 Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom issued an Order-in-Council, stating that she and her family would be known as the House of Windsor, and that her descendants will take the name "Mountbatten-Windsor".

[Jimbuna]

1916 Britain's military service act enforced (conscription)

1941 Nazi collaborators destroy pro-Jewish café Alcazar Amsterdam (Alcazar refused to hang "No Entry for Jews" signs in front of cafe)

1944 U-734/U-238 sunk off Ireland.

1945 The Battle of the Atlantic: HMS Venturer sinks U-Boat 864 off the coast of Norway.

1964 First appearance of the Beatles on the "Ed Sullivan Show" draws 73.7 million viewers.

[Jimbuna]

1906 British battleship HMS Dreadnought launches after only 100 days, renders all other capital ships obsolete with its revolutionary design.

1915 US President Woodrow Wilson warns Germany that the US will hold it 'to a strict accountability' for 'property endangered or lives lost'

1915 US President Woodrow Wilson protests to Britain on the use of US flags on British merchant ships to deceive the Germans.

1916 Military conscription begins in Britain.

1944 U-666/U-545/U-283 sink off Ireland.

1947 WWII peace treaties signed.

[Aktungbby]

1531: Henry VIII is recognized as supreme head of the Church of England:yep: many will lose their minds over this ungodly concept-sodaspeke:shucks: https://www.subsim.com/radioroom/picture.php?albumid=815&pictureid=10675

[Jimbuna]

1916 Germany and Austria-Hungary notify the US that they will sink any armed merchant ships starting on 1 March.

1943 US General Eisenhower selected to command the allied armies in Europe; British General Montgomery not best pleased.

1944 U-424 sunk off Ireland.

1946 World War II: Operation Deadlight ends after scuttling 116 of 156 captured U-boats.

1956 British diplomats Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean deny working as spies for Soviet Russia after reappearing in the Soviet Union after going missing 5 years earlier.

[Jimbuna]

1915 Adolf Hitler receives the relatively common Iron Cross second class for bravery in World War I

1915 World War I: Kaiser Wilhelm approves the strategic bombing of London's docks.

1935 First secret demonstration of radio signals detecting aircraft by Robert Watson-Watt at Daventry, England.

1938 The first 'Kindertransport' carrying Jewish refugee children from Nazi Germany arrives in Britain.

1942 German battle cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen escape from Brest to Germany in a dash up the English Channel.

1973 First US POWs in North Vietnam released; 116 of 456 flown to Philippines.

[Aktungbby]

1633: Italian astronomer, Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for trial before the Inquisition, accused of supporting Copernican theory that the Earth revolves around the sun instead of the other way around...he will be found guilty and confined to house arrest! But telescopes will be named after him-so much for heresy! The Holy See still does not appreciate being told it's got it..."backwards" :O:

[Jimbuna]

1917 Dutch exotic dancer Mata Hari is arrested in Paris on suspicion that she is a German spy.

1942 Hitler's Operation Sealion, the invasion of England, is cancelled.

1945 Allied planes begin bombing Dresden, Germany; a firestorm results and over 22,000 die.

1988 European Community plans removal of internal boundaries on Jan 1, 1992

[Jimbuna]

1797 The Battle of Cape St Vincent: British fleet under Admiral Sir John Jervis defeats larger Spanish fleet under Admiral Don José de Córdoba y Ramos near Cape St. Vincent, Portugal. Captain Horatio Nelson distinguishes himself.

1912 First US submarines with diesel engines commissioned, Groton, Connecticut.

1929 St Valentine's Day Massacre in Chicago, 7 gangsters killed, allegedly on Al Capone's orders.

1940 British merchant vessel fleet is armed.

1971 Richard Nixon installs secret taping system in the White House.

[Jimbuna]

1898 USS Maine sinks in Havana harbor, cause unknown, 258 sailors die.

1933 President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt survives assassination attempt but Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak is mortally wounded, he would die on March 29.

1939 German battleship Bismarck was launched.

1942 German U-boat shells Antillian oil refinery.

1944 891 British bombers attack Berlin in the largest raid by the RAF against the city.

1944 Allies begin attack on Axis held Monte Cassino monastery, Italy.

1952 King George VI is buried in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, England.

1971 After 1,200 years Great Britain abandons pence & shilling system for decimal currency.

[Jimbuna]

1916 The US rejects the right of Germany and Austria-Hungary to sink armed merchant ships.

1916 The German ambassador in Washington announces that Germany will pay an indemnity for American lives lost on the Lusitania.

1923 Howard Carter opens the inner burial chamber of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun's tomb and finds the sarcophagus.

1940 British search plane finds German supply ship Altmark, used to accommodate allied sailors from vessels sunk by the Graf Spee, off Norway.

1942 Bangka Island massacre: Japanese soldiers machine-gun 22 Australian Army nurses and 60 Australian and British soldiers and crew members from two sunken ships. Only one nurse and two soldiers survive.

1960 US nuclear submarine USS Triton set off on underwater round-world trip.

2006 The last Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) is decommissioned by the United States Army.

[Aktungbby]

1942 Bangka Island massacre: Japanese soldiers machine-gun 22 Australian Army nurses and 60 Australian and British soldiers and crew members from two sunken ships. Only one nurse and two soldiers survive.


https://static.ffx.io/images/$zoom_1%2C$multiply_0.3206%2C$ratio_0.666667%2C$wi dth_499%2C$x_1%2C$y_3/t_crop_custom/q_86%2Cf_auto/65ca88af8b486ae6420b8fecf924dcc11f7185b7

[Aktungbby]

1864 During the American Civil War, the Union blockade ship, USS Housatonic is attacked and sunk in Charleston S.C. harbor by the CSS HL Hunley. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/88/9b/5e/889b5e7595c682222ca57c6be2f7f475.jpg This is the first attack of its kind and proves two things: it works against the blocade strategy!... and it's dangerous to submarine crews; the Confederate vessel failed to return from the mission, sinking with all eight handshttps://cdn.cnn.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/140214161131-hunley-facial-reconstruction-story-body.jpg..still manning their cranks https://www.popsci.com/resizer/woskeDGsG1OrZxnmSPJBf8_nrZE=/864x487/filters:focal(432x244:433x245)/arc-anglerfish-arc2-prod-bonnier.s3.amazonaws.com/public/V727WL4LXCCUE3MH7ACNO7LAIA.jpg< when found 136 years laterhttp://www.vernianera.com/Hunley/images/crew.gif. like the fatal 'circle torpedoes' of WWI and II; the explosive charge of the too-close spar torpedo's blast probably caused the crew to die from brain trauma. It is virtually impossible to know how powerful the Hunley's torpedo blast was, even with the amount of black powder used. The blast can also change with how tightly the powder is packed and how fine the grains are, according to the Naval History and Heritage Command. (https://www.history.navy.mil/research/underwater-archaeology/sites-and-projects/ship-wrecksites/hl-hunley/hunley-incident-analysis.html) Replicating the black powder explosion, Lance said, was the trickiest part of the experiment.
So Lance lowballed it, testing several blasts in the process. She concluded that the shock wave would have instantly killed those aboard the Hunley, based on her calculations and a wealth of prior air blast experiments (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22439210)on large animals.
"Any explosive we've seen in the field ... would definitely create a lethal wave," Lance said.
"These types of injuries are not subtle," she added. "The damage is immediate. a gold pocket (https://hunley.org/2003/08/08/hunley-researchers-probe-the-mystery-of-time/)watch that belonged to the Hunley's captain, Lt. George Dixon. The watch had stopped at 8:23, about the time of the Hunley's attack, historians believe.
"Most importantly, it appears it didn't wind down naturally," according to a 2007 update (https://hunley.org/2007/12/14/gold-pocket-watch-may-help-solve-a-timeless-mystery/) by a research partnership known as the Hunley Project. "Something traumatic -- perhaps water, a shock wave, or some other intervening force -- caused it to stop at that precise time."" https://www.vernianera.com/Hunley/reconstruction.html (https://www.vernianera.com/Hunley/reconstruction.html) https://www.militaryfactory.com/ships/detail.asp?ship_id=CSS-HL-Hunley-1863 (https://www.militaryfactory.com/ships/detail.asp?ship_id=CSS-HL-Hunley-1863)

[Jimbuna]

1940 Altmark Incident: Crew of the British destroyer "Cossack" board German "Altmark" in Jøssingfjord, Norway, releasing 299 British prisoners after hand-to-hand fighting with bayonets and the last recorded Royal Naval action with cutlass.

1972 British Parliament votes to join the European Common Market.

[Jimbuna]

1901 Winston Churchill makes his maiden speech in the British House of Commons.

[Jimbuna]

1914 Four-year old Charlotte May Pierstorff mailed by train from Grangeville, Idaho to her grandparents’ house 73 miles away in most famous 'child in the post' instance.

1944 823 British bombers attack Berlin.

1944 U-264 sinks off Ireland.

1945 980 Japanese soldiers reportedly killed by crocodiles in 2 days on Ramree Island, Burma.

1964 UK flies ½ ton of The Beatles wigs to the US.

[Jimbuna]

1938 UK Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden resigns stating Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain has appeased Nazi Germany.

1942 Lt E H O'Hare single-handedly shoots down 5 Japanese heavy bombers, becomes America's first World War II flying ace.

1959 The Avro Arrow program to design and manufacture supersonic jet fighters in Canada is cancelled by the Diefenbaker government amid much political debate.

[Jimbuna]

1916 World War I: Battle of Verdun begins with a German offensive, leads to an estimated 1 million casualties and becomes the longest battle of the entire war (9 months)

1917 British troopship SS Mendi sinks off Isle of Wight, 646 die.

1964 UK flies 24,000 rolls of Beatles wallpaper to US.

1981 "Yorkshire Ripper" Peter Sutcliffe, murderer of 13 women, captured.

[Jimbuna]

1909 Great White Fleet, first US fleet to circle the globe, returns to Virginia.

1915 Germany begins "unrestricted" submarine war.

1940 German air force sinks 2 German destroyers, killing 578.

1967 25,000 US and South Vietnamese troops launch Operation Junction City against the Viet Cong. Largest US airborne assault since WWII.

[Aktungbby]

1909 Great White Fleet, first US fleet to circle the globe, returns to Virginia.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Us-atlantic-fleet-1907.jpg AND AT ONE MY FAVORITE (HONEYMOON) LOCATIONS MONTERY BAY http://www.caviews.com/images/82-07-0001.jpg

[Jimbuna]

1836 Alamo besieged for 13 days until March 6 by Mexican army under General Santa Anna; entire garrison eventually killed.

1942 Japanese submarine fires on oil refinery in Ellwood, California.

1945 US Marines raise American flag on top of Mt. Suribachi, Iwo Jima. Photo of which by Joe Rosenthall later became iconic, inspiring the Marine Corps War Memorial sculpture.

1991 US President George H. W. Bush gives Iraq a 24-hour deadline to withdraw from Kuwait or face a ground war.

[Aktungbby]

1945 US Marines raise American flag on top of Mt. Suribachi, Iwo Jima. Photo of which by Joe Rosenthall later became iconic, inspiring the Marine Corps War Memorial sculpture.
A PHOTO SHOP JOB FOR THE SECRETARY OF THE NAVY'S BENEFIT; THIS IS THE REAL FLAG RAISING:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/First_Iwo_Jima_Flag_Raising.jpg/800px-First_Iwo_Jima_Flag_Raising.jpg...WHICH WAS THEN FURLED AS THE SECOND FLAG WENT UP https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Moments_after_the_second_flag_raising%2C_February_ 1945.jpg/800px-Moments_after_the_second_flag_raising%2C_February_ 1945.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima)
The Secretary of the Navy (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy), James Forrestal (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Forrestal), had decided the previous night that he wanted to go ashore and witness the final stage of the fight for the mountain. Now, under a stern commitment to take orders from Howlin' Mad Smith (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Smith), the secretary was churning ashore in the company of the blunt, earthy general. Their boat touched the beach just after the flag went up, and the mood among the high command turned jubilant. Gazing upward, at the red, white, and blue speck, Forrestal remarked to Smith: "Holland, the raising of that flag on Suribachi means a Marine Corps for the next five hundred years".
Forrestal was so taken with fervor of the moment that he decided he wanted the Second Battalion's flag flying on Mt. Suribachi as a souvenir. The news of this wish did not sit well with 2nd Battalion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Battalion_3rd_Marines) Commander Chandler Johnson, whose temperament was every bit as fiery as Howlin Mad's. "To hell with that!" the colonel spat when the message reached him. The flag belonged to the battalion, as far as Johnson was concerned. He decided to secure it as soon as possible, and dispatched his assistant operations officer, Lieutenant Ted Tuttle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Theodore_Tuttle), to the beach to obtain a replacement flag. As an afterthought, Johnson called after Tuttle: "And make it a bigger one." ADMITTEDLY THOUGH THE SECOND PHOTO IS MORE....STATUESQUE!:arrgh!:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/USMC_War_Memorial_Night.jpg/220px-USMC_War_Memorial_Night.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USMC_War_Memorial_Night.jpg) THE FIRST FLAG RAISING WAS THE BIG MORALE BOOSTER THOUGH: The raising of the national colors (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_colours) immediately caused a loud cheering reaction from the Marines, sailors, and coast guardsmen on the beach below and from the men on the ships near the beach. The loud noise made by the servicemen and blasts of the ship horns alerted the Japanese, who up to this point had stayed in their cave bunkers. Schrier and his men near the flagstaff then came under fire from Japanese troops, but the Marines quickly eliminated the threat. POOR LITTLE NIPPERS....HAD TO KNOW THE JIG WAS UP WHEN THE INVASION FLEET HORNS WENT OFF!:Kaleun_Salute:

[Mr Quatro]

Thank you for your attention to detail Aktungbby :up:

It really shows sometimes :yep:

[Jimbuna]

1917 German plan to get Mexican help in WW I exposed (Zimmerman telegram).

1923 Flying Scotsman goes into service.

1942 The "Battle of Los Angeles" takes place, a series of anti-aircraft engagements over the city in response to a rumored but false Japanese attack. It would last until the morning of the following day.

1981 Britain's Prince Charles announces engagement to Lady Diana Spencer.

1991 US-led forces begin Operation Desert Sabre, the ground invasion of southern Iraq and Iraqi-occupied Kuwait.

[Jimbuna]

1916 Battle of Verdun: German troops conquer Fort Douaumont without firing a shot, the largest and highest fort defending the city of Verdun during World War I

1932 Austrian immigrant Adolf Hitler gets German citizenship.

1933 First genuine US aircraft carrier named, USS Ranger.

1945 US aircraft carriers attack Tokyo.

1991 US, barracks in Dhahran Saudi Arabia, hit by scud missile, kills 28

[Aktungbby]

1836 : Samuel Colt patents the revolver...and I'm still packin' the Colt's PyThon .357 and two blackpowder Colt's Navy .36's as required!:Kaleun_Salute:

[Jimbuna]

1815 Napoleon Bonaparte and his supporters leave Elba to start a 100 day re-conquest of France.

1914 HMHS Britannic, sister to the Titanic, is launched at Harland & Wolff, Belfast.

1916 Germans sink French transport ship Provence II, killing 930

1924 Trial against Hitler for treason in "Beer Hall Putsch" in Munich begins.

1935 German Luftwaffe is re-formed under Reichsmarshall Hermann Goering.

1935 RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) first demonstrated by Robert Watson-Watt.

1952 PM Winston Churchill announces Britain has its own atomic bomb.

1991 Coalition planes bomb Iraqi forces retreating from Kuwait during the Gulf War, killing hundreds and creating the so-called 'Highway of Death'

[Aktungbby]

1929: President Calvin Coolidge signed a bill establishing Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming:k_confused: consdering current political correctness: MeeToo movements, the recent conviction of producer Harvey Weinstein etc. it boggles my mind that a mountain range and a national park are still called ... the big tits !!? even if it's in French...:|\\:|\\

[Jimbuna]

1925 Hitler resurrects NSDAP political party in Munich.

1933 The Reichstag, German parliament building, destroyed by fire; set by the Nazis, who blame it on Communists.

1942 Battle of Java Sea began: 13 US warships sunk and 2 Japanese.

1990 Final day of the rum ration in the Royal New Zealand Navy.

1998 Britain's House of Lords agrees to end 1,000 years of male precedence by giving a monarch's first-born daughter the same claim to the throne as any first born son.

2012 Wikileaks begins disclosing 5 million emails from private intelligence company Stratfor.

[Jimbuna]

1844 12-inch gun aboard USS Princeton explodes, killing Secretary of State Abel P. Upshur, Secretary of the Navy Thomas Gilmer, and other high-ranking U.S. federal officials.

1915 WWI: After the French try to drive the Germans forces back into the Champagne region, they gain a few hundred yards - at the cost of 50,000 casualties.

1933 Adolf Hitler bans German Communist Party (KPD)

1967 A West German court rules that impostor Anna Anderson failed to prove that she was missing Russian duchess Anastasia Romanov, ending a legal case that lasted almost 30 years.

1971 A British soldier dies in Derry after his vehicle had been attacked with petrol bombs (he died as a result of inhaling chemicals from fire extinguishers that were used to put out the fire).

[Aktungbby]

1993: A gun battle erupts at a religious compound near Waco Texas when the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms tries to arrest Branch Davidian leader David Koresh on weapon charges: four agents and six Davidians are killed as a 51 day standoff ensues...https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_siege (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_siege) David Koresh's lawyer called the Danforth report a whitewash (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitewash_(censorship)). Ramsey Clark (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey_Clark)—a former U.S. Attorney General, who represented several Branch Davidian survivors and relatives in a civil lawsuit (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_lawsuit)—said that the report "failed to address the obvious": "History will clearly record, I believe, that these assaults on the Mt. Carmel church center remain the greatest domestic law enforcement tragedy in the history of the United States."

[Jimbuna]

1944 Karol Wojtyla, future Pope John Paul II, is run down and injured by a Nazi truck in Krakow.

1964 LBJ reveals US secretly developed the A-11 jet fighter.

1968 US end regular flights with nuclear bombs.

[Jimbuna]

1913 David Beatty becomes Rear-Admiral Commanding the Royal Navy's 1st Battlecruiser Squadron.

1916 Germany begins attacking ships in the Atlantic.

1917 US government releases the plain text of the "Zimmermann Telegram" to the public.

1941 Himmler inspects Auschwitz concentration camp.

1954 US explodes Castle Bravo, a 15 megaton hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll, which accidentally became the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated by the US.

[Aktungbby]

1954 US explodes Castle Bravo, a 15 megaton hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll, which accidentally became the most powerful nuclear device ever detonated by the US. But even worse, it was a surface burst in a coral reef, which is just a really, really bad idea. Detonating nuclear weapons on a desert floor, like in Nevada, still presents significant fallout issues. But a coral reef is really an awful place to set them off, and not just because coral reefs are awesome and shouldn’t be blown up. They are an ideal medium for creating and spreading contamination: they break apart with no resistance, but do so in big enough chunks that they rapidly fall back to Earth. Particle size is a big deal when it comes to fallout; small particles go up with the fireball and stay aloft long enough to lose most of their radioactive energy and diffuse into the atmosphere, while heavy particles fall right back down again pretty quickly, en masse. So blowing up and irradiating something like coral is just the worst possible thing. And, of course, it became famous for raining nuclear fallout down on inhabited islands over a hundred miles downwind, and exposing a crew of Japanese fishermen to fatal levels of radiation.
It was this latter event that made BRAVO famous — so famous that the United States had to admit publicly it had a hydrogen bomb (http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2012/02/08/weekly-document-13-declassifying-the-ivy-mike-film-1953/). And accidentally exposing the Japanese fishing supply (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_Bravo_fish_contamination_map.png) to radiation, less than a decade after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, has a way of making the Japanese people understandably upset. So the shot led to some almost frank discussion about what fallout meant — that being out of the direct line of fire wasn’t actually good enough. A BAD BUSINESS ALL ROUND AS THE FALLOUT EXCEEDED EXPECTATION BY 250%: http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Bravo_fallout_animated.gif (http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Bravo_fallout_animated.gif)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Bravo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Bravo) Castle Bravo's yield (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield) was 15 megatons of TNT (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_equivalent), 2.5 times the predicted 6.0 megatons, due to unforeseen additional reactions involving 7Li, which led to the unexpected radioactive contamination of areas to the east of Bikini Atoll. At the time, it was the most powerful artificial explosion in history.
Fallout (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallout), the most heavy of which in the form of pulverized surface coral (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigo_Fukury%C5%AB_Maru#Events_surrounding_March_1 ,_1954) from the detonation fell on residents of Rongelap (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongelap_Atoll) and Utirik (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utirik_Atoll) atolls, while the more particulate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulate) and gaseous fallout spread around the world. The inhabitants of the islands were not evacuated until three days later and suffered radiation sickness (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_sickness). Twenty-three crew members of the Japanese fishing vessel Daigo Fukuryū Maru (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigo_Fukury%C5%AB_Maru) ("Lucky Dragon No. 5") were also contaminated by the heavy fallout, experiencing acute radiation syndrome (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome). The blast incited international reaction over atmospheric thermonuclear testing IN A NUTSHELL: the yield of 15 megatons was 3 times that of the 5 Mt predicted by its designers. The cause of the higher yield was an error made by designers of the device at Los Alamos National Laboratory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory). They considered only the lithium-6 isotope in the lithium-deuteride secondary to be reactive; the lithium-7 isotope, accounting for 60% of the lithium content, was assumed to be inert.. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Bravo#cite_note-Rhodes-32)It was expected that the lithium-6 isotope would absorb a neutron (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron) from the fissioning plutonium and emit an alpha particle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle) and tritium (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium) in the process, of which the latter would then fuse with the deuterium (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium) and increase the yield in a predicted manner. Lithium-6 indeed reacted in this manner.
It was assumed that the lithium-7 would absorb one neutron, producing lithium-8, which decays (through beryllium-8 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_beryllium)) to a pair of alpha particles on a timescale of seconds, vastly longer than the timescale of nuclear detonation. When lithium-7 is bombarded with energetic neutrons (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_temperature), rather than simply absorbing a neutron, it captures the neutron and decays almost instantly into an alpha particle, a tritium nucleus (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_nucleus), and another neutron. As a result, much more tritium was produced than expected, the extra tritium fusing with deuterium and producing an extra neutron. The extra neutron produced by fusion and the extra neutron released directly by lithium-7 decay produced a much larger neutron flux (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_flux). The result was greatly increased fissioning of the uranium tamper and increased yield.... BUT THEY SURE LOOK PRETTY:oops: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_Castle_Bravo_test.jpg/1024px-The_Castle_Bravo_test.jpg
< AN ABJECT LESSON HOW TO CRAP IN OUR OWN (CORAL) SANDBOX 101...LITERALLY:oops: Before testing began, the 167 Marshallese people who lived on Bikini were relocated to other islands. The U.S. military used the Marshall Islands to test nuclear weapons from 1946 to 1958.

Today, a handful of caretakers live on Bikini. Most do field work for the U.S. government, including sampling the soil, plants, water, and marine life around the island. Many people from the Bikini Atoll are still hoping to return to their homeland, although tests indicate that the amount of radiation present in the island's food web could be harmful to them. The type of radiation detected at Bikini (cesium-137) has been linked to an increased risk for several types of cancer.

[Jimbuna]

1796 Napoléon Bonaparte is appointed Commander-in-Chief of the French Army in Italy.

1882 Queen Victoria narrowly escapes assassination when Roderick Maclean shoots at her while boarding a train in Windsor.

1915 British vice admiral Sackville Hamilton Carden begins bombardment of Dardanelles forts.

1965 One of the most popular musical films of all time, "The Sound of Music", starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer, is released (Academy Awards Best Picture 1966)

1965 US Air Force begins Operation Rolling Thunder, a three year sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam.

1966 215,000 US soldiers in Vietnam.

1968 USAF displays Lockheed C-5A Galaxy, biggest plane in the world, with a cargo compartment 37m long.

1969 First test flight of the supersonic Concorde.

1991 UN votes in favor of US resolutions for cease fire with Iraq.

1991 US Army controversially destroys a retreating Iraqi Republican Guard column at Rumaila Oil Field, despite a ceasefire being observed.

[Aktungbby]

1962: Wilt Chamberlain (Wilt the Stilt!:up:)https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Philadelphia_Sports_Statues_12.jpg/800px-Philadelphia_Sports_Statues_12.jpgscores 100 points for the Phildelphia Warriors in a game against the New York Knicks, an NBA record that still stands! Considering there were no 'threepointers' in them-thar days, a most remarkable feat. Final score: 169 to 147; Philly won the shootout! MOVE OVER MICHAEL JORDAN https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wilt_Chamberlain_Historical_Marker.jpg/1024px-Wilt_Chamberlain_Historical_Marker.jpg

[Jimbuna]

1917 German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann publicly admits the "Zimmermann Telegram" is genuine. Generates support for the US declaration of war on Germany in April.

1942 First combat flight for Canadian British-built Avro Lancaster bomber.

1945 RAF bombing error hits The Hague killing 511

1991 Iraqi generals and US general "Stormin' Norman" Schwarzkopf meet to discuss Gulf War cease fire.

[Jimbuna]

1918 First recorded case of Spanish flu at Funston Army Camp, Kanas; start of worldwide pandemic killing 50-100 million.

1936 First flight of the airship Hindenburg at Friedrichshafen, Germany.

1944 First US bombing of Berlin.

1945 In the United Kingdom, Princess Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth II, joins the British Auxiliary Transport Service as a driver.

1985 WWII veterans returned to the "Bridge over the River Kwai"

2012 Vladimir Putin wins Russian presidential election amid allegations of voter fraud.

2018 Former Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia Skripal are poisoned by nerve agent in Salisbury, England.

[Jimbuna]

1912 Italian forces are the first to use airships for military purposes, using them for reconnaissance behind Turkish lines.

1915 World War I: The LZ 33, a zeppelin, is damaged by enemy fire and stranded south of Ostend.

1936 Spitfire makes its first flight (Eastleigh Aerodrome in Southampton)

1946 Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech in Fulton, Missouri, popularizes the term and draws attention to the division of Europe.

[Jimbuna]

1836 Battle of the Alamo: After 13 days of fighting 1,500-3,000 Mexican soldiers overwhelm the Texan defenders, killing 182-257 Texans including William Travis, Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett.

1918 US naval boat "Cyclops" disappears in Bermuda Triangle.

1988 3 IRA suspects shot dead in Gibraltar by SAS officers.

1990 SR-71 sets a transcontinental record, flying 2,404 miles in 1:08:17

[Jimbuna]

1912 Roald Amundsen announces discovery of the South Pole.

1918 President Woodrow Wilson authorizes US Army's Distinguished Service Medal.

1936 Adolf Hitler breaks the Treaty of Versailles by sending troops into the Rhineland.

1942 15 Mk-VB Spitfires reach Malta.

1942 First cadets graduated from flying school at Tuskegee.

1945 US 9th Armoured Division attacks Remagen Germany, crosses Rhine.

1946 Bikini Atoll islanders are evacuated by the US government to make way for a nuclear testing site.

1974 "USS Monitor", Union Ship sunk in 1862 during US Civil War, restored at Cape Hatteras.

[Jimbuna]

1915 First US navy minelayer, Baltimore, commissioned.

1943 335 allied bombers attack German city of Nuremberg, a centre for military production.

1961 US nuclear submarine Patrick Henry arrives at Scottish naval base of Holy Loch from South Carolina in a record underseas journey of 66 days 22 hrs

2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 with 239 people loses contact and disappears, prompting the most expensive search effort in history and one of the most enduring aviation mysteries.

[Jimbuna]

1925 Pink's War, the first RAF operation conducted independently of the Army or Navy, begins.

1935 Adolf Hitler publicly announces the creation of a new air force, the Luftwaffe.

1945 334 US B-29 Superfortresses attack Tokyo with 120,000 fire bombs.

1974 Last Japanese soldier, a guerrilla operating in Philippines, surrenders, 29 years after World War II ended.

[Jimbuna]

1920 Home Rule Act passed by the British Parliament, dividing Ireland into two parts; it is rejected by the southern counties, where the Ango-Irish war continues for a year.

1927 Bavaria lifts ban on Adolf Hitler's speeches.

1944 U-575 sinks British corvette HMS Asphodel in the Atlantic Ocean killing 92 of the 97 men aboard.

1945 Tokyo on fire after night time B-29 bombings, more than 100,000 people die, mostly civilians.

1966 North Vietnamese capture US Green Beret Camp at Ashau Valley.

[Jimbuna]

1915 The British declare a blockade of all German ports.

1918 First confirmed cases of the Spanish Flu in the US are reported at Fort Riley, Kansas.

1935 Hermann Goering officially creates the Luftwaffe (German Air Force)

1958 American B-47 accidentally drops nuclear bomb 15,000 ft on a family home in Mars Bluff, South Carolina; creates crater 75 ft across, bomb without its nuclear capsule.

2013 North Korea cuts the phone line with South Korea, breaching the 1953 armistice.

2018 China's National People's Congress approves removal of term limits for a leader, will allow Xi Jinping presidency for life.

[Jimbuna]

1894 Coca-Cola is sold in bottles for the first time in a candy store in Vicksburg, Mississippi.

1909 Alarmed over increasing German naval strength, Parliament passes a new naval appropriations bill.

1916 French airship mistakenly attacks and sinks British submarine D3 with loss of all hands.

1917 A German submarine sinks an unarmed US merchant ship, the 'Algonquin' on the same day that US President Woodrow Wilson gives executive order to arm US merchant ships.

1940 Finland signs the Moscow Peace Treaty in Moscow, surrendering to Russia and ceding 11% of their pre-WWII territory, ending the "Winter War"

1999 Former Warsaw Pact members the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland join NATO.

2018 British Prime Minister Theresa May says Russia was "highly likely" to have poisoned a Russian spy and his daughter on March 4 with nerve agent.

2019 More than 3,000 ISIS fighters have surrendered amid battle for last ISIS stronghold in Baghouz, Syria, according to Syrian Democratic Forces officials.

[Aktungbby]

1894 Coca-Cola is sold in bottles for the first time in a candy store in Vicksburg, Mississippi. 106 years later: I still have a glass Coke bottle in the fridge! I re-discovered "the real thing" on a 2010 movie shoot caterer's truck?!, 'Made in Jalisco', Mexico with cane sugar! not with awful American style corn-syrup in aluminum lined cans or disgusting plastic bottles; just like how I recalled from the 50's & 60's of my youth...plus it just goes better with Nelson's Blood :Kaleun_Salute: rum! Or, over a tall ice-filled glass with a squeezed lemon wedge(from my Louisiana trukkin' days)...and u can recycle the bottles too!:arrgh!: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mexican_Coke_Sold_in_United_States.jpg/220px-Mexican_Coke_Sold_in_United_States.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mexican_Coke_Sold_in_United_States.jpg) Although intended for consumption in Mexico, Mexican Coca-Cola has become popular in the United States because of a flavor that Coca-Cola fans call more "natural tasting''.While many believe the primary difference in flavor between Mexican Coca-Cola and the American Coca-Cola formula is that Mexican Coke is sweetened using cane sugar (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_sugar) (which was standard for American Coca-Cola until the early 1980s) as opposed to high-fructose corn syrup (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup), Adding to the nostalgia factor, the Mexican Coca-Cola glass bottle does not have a twist-off cap (for plastic bottles) or a pull-tab (for cans). A bottle opener is required to drink the bottle's contents. :yeah: https://creativereview.imgix.net/content/uploads/2012/02/ars04851.tifx_0.jpg (https://creativereview.imgix.net/content/uploads/2012/02/ars04851.tifx_0.jpg)

[Jimbuna]

1905 Mata Hari first performs her dance act at the Guimet Museum, Paris.

1933 Joseph Goebbels becomes Nazi Germany's Minister of Information and Propaganda.

1943 Failed assassin attempt on Adolf Hitler during Smolensk-Rastenburg flight.

1943 Nazis liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Kraków; Oskar Schindler with advance information, saves his workers by keeping them in his factory overnight.

2019 US grounds all Boeing 737 Max aircraft after bans by others countries following the plane type's second crash in Ethiopia.

[Jimbuna]

1915 German cruiser Dresden scuttled off Más a Tierra, Chile, having been pursued by the Royal Navy after the Battle of the Falkland Islands, with her engines worn out and virtually no coal.

1918 First concrete ship to cross the Atlantic (Faith) is launched in San Francisco.

1943 World War II: Kraków Ghetto is "liquidated"

1973 Future US senator John McCain is released after spending over five years in a North Vietnamese prisoner of war camp.

2013 Xi Jinping is named as the new President of the People's Republic of China.

[Jimbuna]

44 BC Julius Caesar is stabbed to death by Brutus, Cassius and several other Roman senators on the Ides of March in Rome.

1922 France, which up until now has insisted on currency for all WWI reparation payments from Germany, now accepts raw materials as payment.

1930 First streamlined submarine of US navy, USS Nautilus, launched.

1939 Reneging on his pledge in the Munich Agreement, Adolf Hitler and Germany occupy and annex Czechoslovakia.

1940 Hermann Goering says 100-200 church bells enough for Germany, smelt the rest.

1951 UN forces recapture Seoul, the fourth and final time the city changes hands in the Korean War.

1957 Great Britain becomes the third nation to explode a nuclear bomb.

2019 Climate change strikes held by school children take place around the world inspired by Swedish teenager Greta Thunberg.

[Aktungbby]

44 BC Julius Caesar is stabbed to death by Brutus, Cassius and several other Roman senators on the Ides of March in Rome. FROM WHICH WE GET TO FAMOUS QUIPS: ''A STRANGE THING HAPPENED ON THE WAY TO THE FORUM'' ''ET TU BRUTE?'' & ''BEWARE THE IDES OF MARCH''!


1940 Hermann Goering says 100-200 church bells enough for Germany, smelt the rest. IN HINDSIGHT, IF U HAVE TO MELT DOWN YOUR CHURCHBELLS FOR 20TH CENTURY WARFARE....PERHAPS U SHOULDN'T GO TO WAR IN THE FIRST PLACE!:hmmm:

1957 Great Britain becomes the third nation to explode a nuclear bomb.

NOT GOOD FOR LITTLE BROWN PEOPLE AS WITH THE US TEST IN THE PACIFIC ISLAND https://www.subsim.com/radioroom/showpost.php?p=2652044&postcount=3146 (https://www.subsim.com/radioroom/showpost.php?p=2652044&postcount=3146) ...STILL CONTAMINATED TO THIS DAY: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Montebello_Islands.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australia_relief_map.jpg) Two more nuclear tests were conducted in the Monte Bello Islands https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Monte_Bello_Islands_Map.jpg/330px-Monte_Bello_Islands_Map.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monte_Bello_Islands_Map.jpg) as part of Operation Mosaic (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mosaic) in 1956, the detonations taking place on Alpha and Trimouille Islands. By the 1980s the radioactivity had decayed to the point where it was no longer hazardous to the casual visitor, but there were still radioactive metal fragments containing cobalt-60 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt-60), the remains of Plym, The island remained a prohibited area until 1992. A 2006 zoological survey found that the wildlife had recovered, and that the Aprasia rostrata (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprasia_rostrata), the legless lizard discovered by Hill, was not extinct. As part of the Gorgon gas project (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgon_gas_project), rats and feral cats were eradicated from the Monte Bello Islands in 2009, and birds and marsupials were transplanted from nearby Barrow Island (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Island_(Western_Australia)) to Hermite Island. Today, the Monte Bello Islands are a park. Visitors are advised not to spend more than an hour per day at the test sites, or to take relics of the tests as souvenirs. ALONG WITH PRINCESS CRUISES & BOEING 737 MAX AIRPLANES ....NOT ON MY TO-DO BUCKET LIST LIST:haha::nope::dead: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hurricane (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hurricane)

[Jimbuna]

1915 British battle cruisers Inflexible & Irresistible hit mines in Dardanelles.

1935 Adolf Hitler orders German re-armament in violation of The Treaty of Versailles.

1944 French Vichy Internal minister Pierre Pucheu sentenced to death for treason.

1945 Würzburg, Germany is 90% destroyed, with 5,000 dead, in only 20 minutes by British bombers.

1955 President Eisenhower upholds the use of atomic weapons in case of war.

[Jimbuna]

1932 German police raid Adolf Hitler's Nazi headquarters.

1938 The Italian Air Force, in support of Francisco Franco, bombs Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War.

1966 US submarine locates missing H-bomb in Mediterranean.

1995 Sinn-Fein leader Gerry Adams visits White House.

[Jimbuna]

1915 French battleship Bouvet explodes, 640 killed.

1940 Benito Mussolini and Italy join Adolf Hitler in Germany's war against France and Britain.

1945 1,250 US bombers attacks Berlin.

1949 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Org) ratified.

1965 Cosmonaut Alexey Leonov, leaving his spacecraft Voskhod 2 for 12 minutes, becomes the first person to walk in space.

1977 Vietnam hands over MIA to US

[Jimbuna]

1920 US Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles for 2nd time refusing to ratify League of Nations' covenant (maintaining isolation policy)

1945 800 killed as Kamikaze attacked USS Franklin off Japan.

1945 Adolf Hitler issues "Nero Decree" to destroy all German factories.

1982 Falklands War: Argentinian forces land on South Georgia Island, precipitating war with the U.K.

2003 Airstrikes by an American and British-led coalition signal the beginning of the Invasion of Iraq, without United Nations support and in defiance of world opinion.

[Jimbuna]

1815 Napoleon enters Paris after escape from Elba, begins 100-day rule.

1917 After the sinking of 3 more American merchant ships, US President Woodrow Wilson meets with cabinet, who agree that war is inevitable.

1922 USS Langley is commissioned, US Navy's first aircraft carrier.

1933 Dachau the first Nazi concentration camp, is completed.

1934 Rudolf Kuhnold demonstrates radar in Kiel Germany.

1942 General Douglas MacArthur vows "I came through and I shall return" after escaping Japanese-occupied Philippines.

[Jimbuna]

1933 Day of Potsdam in Nazi Germany, a ceremony to open the new Reichstag after the fire in February; Adolf Hitler and Paul von Hindenburg shake hands in public.

1939 Nazi Germany demands the return of Danzig (Gdańsk) from Poland.

1943 Assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler fails.

1951 2,900,000 US soldiers in Korea.

1962 Yogi the bear becomes the 1st creature to be ejected at supersonic speeds by the US military testing ejection seats.

1963 Alcatraz prison in San Francisco Bay is closed.

1984 Soviet submarine crashes into USS aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk off Japan.

1991 27 lost at sea when 2 US Navy anti-submarine planes collide.

2014 Russia formally annexes Crimea amid international condemnation.

[Aktungbby]

1918: during WWI Germany launches its Spring Offensive on the Western Front hoping to break through the Allied lines ahead of the American reinforcements which will turn the tide against the Kaiser's "place in the sun"...initially successful, the offensive eventually petered out.

[Jimbuna]

1941 James Stewart is inducted into the Army, becoming the first major American movie star to wear a military uniform in World War II

1943 SS police chief Rauter threatens to kill half Jewish children.

1944 600+ 8th Air Force bombers attack Berlin.

1965 US confirms its troops used chemical warfare against the Vietcong.

1968 Lynda Johnson ordered off San Francisco cable car for eating an ice cream cone.

[Jimbuna]

1933 Enabling Act: German Reichstag grants Adolf Hitler dictatorial powers.

1945 Battle of Okinawa: US Navy ships bomb the Japanese island of Okinawa in preparation for the Allied invasion; it would become the largest battle of the Pacific War in World War II

1945 Lt. Gen. Miles Dempsey becomes the first British commander to cross the Rhine during the Allied invasion of Germany.

1957 US army sells last homing pigeons.

2001 The Russian Mir space station is disposed of, breaking up in the atmosphere before falling into the southern Pacific Ocean near Fiji.

2016 GPR investigation of Shakespeare's tomb at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford concludes the Bard's skull probably has been stolen.

[Aktungbby]

1975: in a small Ohio arena, little known Chuck Wepner(81) the Bayonne Bleeder, faced Mohammed Ali, World heavyweight champion(not 81) in what should have been a push over.....it wasn't! https://cdn.aarp.net/content/dam/aarp/social_change/history/2011_03/420_WATNWepner_then.imgcache.rev0c370b3bc2939eb27b 67682913b05d2e.jpg< Ali takes an 8-count in the ninth:oops:) for nearly all 15 rounds till the ref stopped it with 19 seconds: TKO victory to Ali. https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2015/03/muhammad_ali_vs_chuck_wepner_t.html (https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2015/03/muhammad_ali_vs_chuck_wepner_t.html) The brutal fight spawned a Hollywood franchise as a broke actor, Sylvester Stallone, watching the fight on pay-per-view in LA, 'was struck like lightning from a Greek god in the sky' with an inspiration: and was inspired to write a screenplay, 1976's Oscar-winning movie: Rocky! Rocky, made for about $1.1 million, debuted Dec. 3, 1976. It grossed about $225 million worldwide, won the Academy Award for Best Picture Best director and Berst film editing... and spawned five sequels- $1.7 billion gross. For years, Stallone referred to Wepner as the catalyst for his films and used his name to promote them. Wepner filed a $15 million federal lawsuit in 2003, alleging that Stallone had misappropriated his name. Three years later they settled amicably out of court, the terms undisclosed. https://static01.nyt.com/images/2019/04/06/nyregion/06realrocky1-print/merlin_152370027_4b273577-455c-40d4-894b-92cca7a2c533-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale<Chuck in Jersey vs Rocky in Philly>https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ad/3f/a8/ad3fa8eb7b35cbb5267ee474a15798bf.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_(film_series (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_(film_series))

[Mr Quatro]

Wow! Never knew this ... what a story :yep:

1976's Oscar-winning movie: Rocky! Rocky, made for about $1.1 million, debuted Dec. 3, 1976. It grossed about $225 million worldwide, won the Academy Award for Best Picture Best director and Best film editing... and spawned five sequels- $1.7 billion gross.

[Jimbuna]

1916 German submarines torpedo the unarmed French cross-channel packet 'Sussex'

1942 US government begins moving native-born citizens with Japanese ancestry into detention centres under Executive Order 9066, with intention of preventing home-grown espionage.

1944 76 Allied officers escape Stalag Luft 3 (Great Escape)

1944 811 British bombers attack Berlin.

1944 RAF rear gunner Nicholas Alkemade survives a jump from his Lancaster bomber 18,000 feet over Germany without a parachute; his fall broken by pine trees and soft snow, suffers only a sprained leg.

1945 Operation Varsity: In the largest one-day airborne operation of all time, British, US & Canadian paratroopers land east of the Rhine in Northern Germany.

1949 SS police chief in the Netherlands Hanns Albin Rauter's request for a pardon denied, executed by firing squad.

1958 Elvis Presley joins the army (serial number 53310761)

1982 US submarine Jacksonville collides with a Turkish freighter near Virginia.

[Jimbuna]

1915 First submarine disaster; a US F-4 sank off Hawaii, killing 21

1917 Canadian ace Billy Bishop claims his first victory, shooting down and mortally wounding German Leutnant Theiller.

1960 First guided missile launched from nuclear powered submarine (Halibut)

[Jimbuna]

1942 First "Eichmann transport" to Auschwitz & Birkenau concentration camps.

1944 705 British bombers attack Essen.

1945 Allies led by US Marine Corps secure island of Iwo Jima from Imperial Japanese Army, after 18,000 Japanese & 6,000 Americans killed.

1945 British premier Winston Churchill looks over at the Rhine (near Ginsberg)

1945 US 7th Army crosses Rhine at Worms.

1976 Queen Elizabeth II sent out the first royal email, from the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment.

[Jimbuna]

1915 Typhoid Mary [Mary Mallon] is arrested and returned to quarantine on North Brother Island, New York after spending five years evading health authorities and causing several further outbreaks of typhoid.

1941 Britain leases defense bases in Trinidad to US for 99 years.

1941 Adolf Hitler signs Directive 27 (assault on Yugoslavia)

1942 -28] Allies raid German submarine base in St Nazaire.

1945 British premier Winston Churchill sails to eastern banks of Rhine.

1945 Operation Starvation, the aerial mining of Japan's ports and waterways begins.

1964 Great Train Robbers sentenced to a total of 307 years behind bars.

1977 583 die in aviation's worst ever disaster when two Boeing 747s collide at Tenerife airport in Spain.

[Aktungbby]

1915 Typhoid Mary [Mary Mallon] is arrested and returned to quarantine on North Brother Island, New York after spending five years evading health authorities and causing several further outbreaks of typhoid fever.too bad we can't round up all the 'corona Mary's' and put them in quaratine 105 years later....:hmmm:

[Jimbuna]

1941 Sea battle at Cape Matapan: British fleet under Cunningham defeats Italy.

1942 -29] 234 RAF bombers attack Lubeck.

1942 British naval forces raid Nazi occupied French port of St Nazaire.

1945 Last German V-1 (buzz bomb) attack on London.

1946 Cold War: The United States State Department releases the Acheson-Lilienthal Report, outlining a plan for the international control of nuclear power.

[Mr Quatro]

So much for cease fires that must have cost at least ten percent of the 58,000 American lives that were lost.

the last American troops departed Vietnam on March 29,1973 ... the communists violated the cease-fire, and by early 1974 full-scale war had resumed

[Jimbuna]

1848 Niagara Falls stops flowing for 30 hours due to an ice jam.

1912 Captain Robert Scott, storm-bound in a tent near South Pole, makes last entry in his diary "the end cannot be far"

1942 British cruiser HMS Trinidad torpedoes itself in the Barents Sea.

1942 British destroyer HMS Campbeltown explodes in St Nazaire: 400 Germans die.

1945 Movie star Jimmy Stewart is promoted to full colonel, one of the few Americans to rise from private to colonel in four years.

1974 Chinese farmers discover the Terracotta Army near Xi'an, 8,000 clay warrior statues buried to guard the tomb of China's 1st emperor, Qin Shi Huang.

[Jimbuna]

1867 Alaska Purchase: US buys Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000 ($109 million in 2018), roughly 2 cents an acre.

1939 Heinkel He 100 fighter sets a world airspeed record of 463 mph.

1939 First flight of the Australian C.A.C. CA-16 Wirraway military aircraft.

1944 781 British bombers attack Nuremberg.

1945 A defecting German pilot delivers a Messerschmitt Me 262A-1 to Americans.

1981 US President Ronald Reagan is shot and wounded in an assassination attempt by John Hinckley, three others are also wounded.

1984 World's most valuable tip - New York police detective Robert Cunningham offers waitress Phyllis Penzo half of $1 lottery ticket, next day they win $6 million.

[Jimbuna]

1889 Eiffel Tower officially opens in Paris. Built for the Exposition Universelle, at 300m high it retains the record for the tallest man made structure for 41 years.

1939 Britain & France agree to support Poland if invaded by Germany.

1945 Sicherheitsdienst murders 10 political prisoners in Zutphen.

1951 US tanks exceed 38° of latitude in Korea.

1954 USSR offers to join NATO.

1958 US Navy forms atomic submarine division.

1958 USSR suspends nuclear weapons tests, & urges US & Britain to do same.

1972 Final day of the rum ration in the Royal Canadian Navy.

[Jimbuna]

1873 British White Star steamship Atlantic sinks off Nova Scotia, 547 die.

1905 "SOS" first adopted as a morse distress signal (· · · – – – · · ·) by German government.

1918 United Kingdom: the Royal Air Force is created from the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Flying Corps.

1924 Hitler sentenced to 5 years labor for "Beer Hall Putsch" but General Ludendorff acquitted.

1924 The Royal Canadian Air Force is formed.

1933 Heinrich Himmler becomes Police Commander of Germany.

1941 The Blockade Runner Badge for German Kriegsmarine is instituted.

1945 The Ruhr Pocket of German forces are encircled by the US Ninth Army and US First Army, eventually leading to the capture of 317,000 German troops.

1970 John Lennon and Yoko Ono release hoax they are having dual sex change operations.

1973 John Lennon and Yoko Ono form a new country with no laws or boundaries, called Nutopia, its national anthem is silence.

1976 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs found Apple Computer in the garage of Jobs' parents house in Cupertino, California.

1992 Battleship USS Missouri, on which the Japanese surrender took place, decommissioned.

[Jimbuna]

1801 Napoleonic Wars: The British led by Horatio Nelson destroy the Danish fleet in the naval Battle of Copenhagen.

1912 Titanic undergoes sea trials under its own power.

1917 US President Woodrow Wilson asks Congress to declare war against Germany.

1942 USS Hornet with Jimmy Doolittles B-25 departs from San Francisco.

1982 Several thousand Argentine troops seize the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands from Great Britain.

2005 Newcastle United team mates Kieron Dyer and Lee Bowyer are sent off for fighting each other in a 3-0 home defeat to EPL rivals Aston Villa at St. James’ Park.

[Jimbuna]

1882 American outlaw Jesse James is killed by Robert Ford at home in St Joseph.

1941 British Prime Minister Winston Churchill warns Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that a German invasion is imminent.

1944 British dive bombers attack battle cruiser Tirpitz.

[Jimbuna]

1581 Francis Drake knighted by Queen Elizabeth I aboard Golden Hind at Deptford.

1900 Assassination attempt on Prince of Wales, later British King Edward VII when shot by Jean-Baptiste Sipido in protest over Boer war.

1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) treaty signed in Washington, D.C.

1973 World Trade Center, then the world's tallest building, opens in New York (110 stories). Later destroyed in 9/11 terrorist attacks.

[Jimbuna]

1939 Membership of Hitler Youth becomes obligatory.

1943 Allies bomb Mortsel, Belgium's worse loss of life during WWII (936 civilians)

1943 Chinese steward Poon Lim is found off the coast of Brazil by a Brazilian fisherman family after being adrift 133 days, after British ship SS Benlomond torpedoed by german U-boat.

1982 Aircraft carriers Invincible and Hermes with escort vessels left Portsmouth for the Falkland Islands.

1992 Serbian troops begin besieging Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, which would become the longest siege in modern warfare.

[Aktungbby]

1939 Membership of Hitler Youth becomes obligatory.

WHEN I BAILIFFED THE SOCIAL SECURITY COURT AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY: '98-'03, OUR OFFICE FACILITIES MANAGER WAS FROM GERMANY. A CHARMING DEDICATED EMPLOYEE WITH FOUR COURTROOMS AND NINETY PEOPLE UNDER HER EFFICIENT VIGIL; SHE HAD BEEN A YOUTH FOF HITLER...WE DUBBED HER 'THE RESIDENT NAZI'....FORTUNATELY SHE HAD A GREAT SENSE OF HUMOR AS WELL!:D

[Aktungbby]

1862: the massive three-day battle of Shiloh begins in Tennessee as Confederate forces launch a surprise attack on camped Union forces. Relatively unknown generals Ulysses S. Grant and Wm. Tecumseh Sherman manage to stave off disaster. The horrific casualties will shock the nation as both sides realise: a long bloody war lies ahead...STILL PLAYED BY ME WITH VARIOUS NEPHEWShttps://cf.geekdo-images.com/imagepage/img/Nq-KyXwsHgsA4GXdE6tNnCJItVg=/fit-in/900x600/filters:no_upscale()/pic244569.jpg

[Jimbuna]

1916 German parliament approves unrestricted submarine warfare.

1917 US declares war on Germany, enters World War I

1944 Jewish nursery at Izieu-Ain, France, overrun by Nazis.

1945 The Holocaust: Nazis begin evacuating prisoners from Buchenwald concentration camp.

1945 Battle of Okinawa: Giant Japanese battleship Yamato heads to Okinawa with orders to beach herself and be destroyed defending the island.

1974 19th Eurovision Song Contest: ABBA for Sweden wins singing "Waterloo" in Brighton.

1994 Rockwell B-1B Lancers break 11 world speed records.

2012 US F-18 Hornet crashes into side of apartment building in Virginia with no fatalities.

[Jimbuna]

1941 British generals O'Connor & Neame captured in North Africa.

1944 World War II: General Montgomery speaks to generals at St. Paul's School about his vision for the upcoming D-Day landings.

1945 Battle of Okinawa: Massive kamikaze attack of around 110 Japanese aircraft damages three US battleships off Okinawa island.

1945 Sonderkommando Elbe, special Luftwaffe units designed to destroy Allied planes by ramming them mid-air, are sent on their first and only mission of World War II.

1945 Battle of Okinawa: US planes intercept Japanese fleet heading for Okinawa on a suicide mission, super battleship Yamato and four destroyers are sunk.

1966 US recovers lost H-bomb from Mediterranean floor (whoops).

[Jimbuna]

1916 The Libau sets sail from Germany with a cargo of 20,000 rifles to assist Irish republicans; Captain Karl Spindler changes the name of the vessel to the Aud to avoid British detection.

1940 German cruiser Blucher torpedoed and capsizes in Oslofjord, 1,000 die.

1940 Germany invades Denmark and Norway, and Denmark surrenders after a six-hour battle.

1942 Battle of Bataan; US-Filipino forces overwhelmed by Japanese at Bataan.

1945 Battleship Admiral Scheer sunk by RAF bombing in Kiel.

1963 Winston Churchill becomes first honorary US citizen.

1981 US submarine George Washington rams Japanese freighter Nisso Maru.

2002 Funeral of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother at Westminster Abbey UK. More than a million people line the streets.

[Aktungbby]

1963 Winston Churchill becomes first honorary US citizen.
WELL, MOMMY WAS AN AMERICAN AFTER ALL!:Kaleun_Salute: https://cdn.britannica.com/81/135581-050-7E0147BE/Jennie-Jerome-Churchill.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jennie_Churchill_with_her_sons.jpg/260px-Jennie_Churchill_with_her_sons.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jennie_Churchill_with_her_sons.jpg) A TRUE 'HOTTIE'> https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lady_Jennie_Spencer-Churchill_%281854-1921%29_%28B%29.jpg/220px-Lady_Jennie_Spencer-Churchill_%281854-1921%29_%28B%29.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_Jennie_Spencer-Churchill_(1854-1921)_(B).jpg)< BUT THEN I'M A LITTLE BIASED....WE'RE BOTH ORIGINALLY FROM BROOKLYN N.Y. :up:

[Jimbuna]

1858 "Big Ben", a 13.76 tonne bell, is recast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry.

1912 RMS Titanic sets sail from Southampton for her maiden (and final) voyage.

1923 Adolf Hitler demands "hatred and more hatred" in Berlin.

1932 Paul von Hindenburg is re-elected President of Germany in a runoff election against Adolf Hitler.

1963 USS Thresher, a nuclear powered submarine, sinks 220 miles east of Boston killing 129 men, including 17 civilians.

1972 US, USSR and 70 other nations agree to ban biological weapons.

2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154M crashes near Smolensk, Russia, killing all 96 people on board including President Lech Kaczyński.

[Jimbuna]

1783 Hostilities formally cease in the American Revolutionary War.

1900 The first modern submarine designed and built by John Philip Holland is purchased by the U.S. Navy.

1912 RMS Titanic leaves Queenstown, Ireland, for NY.

1945 SS burns and shoots 1,100 at Gardelegen.

1945 Four soldiers in the Sixth Armored Division of the US Third Army liberate the Nazi concentration camp, Buchenwald.

1950 US B-29 bomber shot down over Latvia.

1951 US President Harry Truman relieves General Douglas McArthur of command in Korea.

2019 WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange is forcibly removed from the Ecuadorian embassy in London by police and arrested on failure to appear in court on US extradition charges.

[Aktungbby]

1950 US B-29 bomber shot down over Latvia.

< THAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN A PBY4-2 PRIVATEER-TWO DAYS EARLIER??> https://stationhypo.files.wordpress.com/2018/01/04-08-50-pb4y-2-privateer-patrol-bomber-shot-down.jpg?w=300https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-air_combat_losses_between_the_Soviet_Union_and_the _United_States
ON 4/8/50 https://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/secret-casualties-of-the-cold-war-180967122/ (https://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/secret-casualties-of-the-cold-war-180967122/) Ferret flights, as the reconnaissance missions had been nicknamed, dated back to World War II, when converted bombers carrying electronic equipment located enemy radar stations. Cold war ferret flights, made by the Navy and Air Force, had a similar purpose: pinpointing the location and capabilities of the enemy’s radar. In the event of nuclear war with the Soviet Union, the information would be critical to the U.S. Strategic Air Command bombers, which would have to jam, destroy, or evade radar in order to strike Soviet targets.Flying unarmed and at night, along the Soviet borders or even hundreds of miles inland, the ferret crews did not try to hide from enemy radar; instead, they would get deliberately caught. Then they could listen to the enemy response through radio, radar, and other signals. The plan was to capture the information, then get out before fighters were scrambled or missiles were launched.
Often missions didn’t go according to plan. Because the ferret missions were top secret, the families knew nothing about the nature of the flights—or what happened when they went wrong. Finally, in 1992, documents about the flights were declassified. A joint U.S.-Russia commission was established to resolve cases, and families and private citizens doggedly undertook their own efforts to learn the fate of their loved ones. But 126 airmen are still unaccounted for. Their families are still waiting to find out what happened to them. https://thumbs-prod.si-cdn.com/T2cejuYYkn5AfAMQd_EQppa1cxQ=/fit-in/1072x0/https://public-media.si-cdn.com/filer/4a/ca/4aca2ff7-65a0-4277-98af-75fe15624c12/04z_spypln2016_rb2946th72nd_live-wr.jpg<RB-29 SURVEILLANCE PLANE In Lepaja, Latvia, there is a rare example of official recognition of one of the shootdowns. Initiated in 2000, an annual ceremony at the Mother Sea Monument commemorates the downing of Jack Fette’s Privateer and the loss of the crew. Two commemorative plaques are also embedded in the monument. In 2015 Kathy and Paul Fiffick attended the ceremony, the first crew members’ family to do so. “They pulled out all the stops,” says Kathy. Paul recalls the moving speeches by the Latvians. “They always looked at the aircrew as a model,” he says. “Someday if [the Latvians] persisted, they would gain their independence from the Soviets.” https://stationhypo.com/2018/04/08/remembering-the-crew-members-of-u-s-navy-pb4y-2-shootdown-by-the-soviets-april-8-1950/ (https://stationhypo.com/2018/04/08/remembering-the-crew-members-of-u-s-navy-pb4y-2-shootdown-by-the-soviets-april-8-1950/) It is the official position of the United States that aircrew members of flight 59645 were captured and held in Soviet Gulags until their death. Below is the case study: ...On 17 July 1956, the department of State sent a demarche to the soviet government, in which Washington referred to reports concerning detained U.S. military personnel that had “become so persistent, detailed and credible” that they merited the attention of the Soviets. The demarche specifically referred to reports from persons formerly detained in the Soviet Union that they had “conversed with, seen, or heard reports concerning United States military aviation,“ in the Gulag, and concluded that the United States government “is compelled to believe that the Soviet government has had or continues to have under detention” members of the Privateer crew and the crew of another lost flight, an RB-29 shot down over the Sea of Japan on 13 June 1952. The Soviet government rejected this assertion on 13 August 1956, stating that “no American from the personnel of the U.S. Air Force or U.S Naval Aviation are on the territory of the Soviet Union.” MY NEWLY-WED DAD WAS 'REUPPED' FOR KOREA 1950 ON B-29'S BY THEN CANNON FODDER FOR SOVIET MIG FIGHTERS; FORTUNATELY HIS ENGINEERING SKILL AT COFFEE PRODUCTION WAS DEEMED MORE NECESSARY TO THE WAR EFFORT....I'M HERE BLOGGING AWAY AS A RESULT! 3/12/51??!!:hmmm: WITH A PERPETUAL GREAT MUG OF FRENCH ROAST ALWAYS AT HAND!:Kaleun_Cheers: :arrgh!:

[Jimbuna]

1945 Canadian troops liberate Nazi concentration camp Westerbork, Netherlands.

US President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies in office and Vice President Harry Truman is sworn in as 33rd US President.

1961 Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first person to orbit Earth (Vostok 1)

1966 First B-52 bombing on North Vietnam.

2009 U.S. Navy rescues captain Richard Phillips, killing three pirates and capturing a fourth.

[Aktungbby]

1955: the Salk vaccine against polio was declared 'safe and effective'....Havine grown up in Minnesota, where it was distributed later than other areas,, several of my friends were afflicted to varying degrees with polio, and are handicapped to this day. I remember the needle in the shoulder really hurt! And then came AIDs, and I lost more friends until decent antidotes were discovered....Strange, during this corona virus lockdown, 65 years later, waiting to hear if a new vaccine will "be approved" against Mother Nature's latest population reduction schemes!!?? :hmmm:

[Jimbuna]

1904 A squadron of the Russian fleet is decoyed out of Port Arthur by Japanese maneuvers, when they realize they are sailing into a trap; their battleship Petropavlovsk hits a mine and sinks, with a loss of 700 men.

1906 Mutiny on Portuguese battleships Dom Carlos and Vasco da Gama.

1912 Royal Flying Corps forms (later Royal Air Force)

1940 Second battle of Narvik; 3 German destroyers and one U-boat sunk by the Royal Navy, 5 more German destroyers scuttled.

1945 Canadian soldier Léo Major single-handedly liberates Dutch town of Zwolle by fooling Germans into thinking a raid had begun.

1960 France becomes fourth nuclear nation exploding an A-Bomb in Sahara.

1970 Apollo 13 announces "Okay, Houston, we've had a problem here", as Beech-built oxygen tank explodes en route to Moon.

[Jimbuna]

1865 US President Abraham Lincoln is shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in Washington.

1912 RMS Titanic hits an iceberg at 11.40pm off Newfoundland.

1918 Douglas Campbell is 1st US ace pilot (shooting down 5th German plane)

1942 Destroyer Roper sinks German U-85 of US east coast.

1943 A JN-25 decrypt by American intelligence detailing a forthcoming visit by Marshal Admiral Yamamoto to Balalae Island results in his plane shot down 4 days later.

1944 General Eisenhower becomes the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force.

1945 American planes bomb Tokyo & damage the Imperial Palace.

1960 1st underwater launching of Polaris missile.

1994 US F-15 accidentally shoots 2 US helicopters down over Iraq, 26 die.

1999 NATO mistakenly bombs a convoy of ethnic Albanian refugees - Yugoslav officials say 75 people are killed.

[Jimbuna]

1865 Abraham Lincoln dies 9 hours after he is shot attending the play "Our American Cousin" at Ford's Theatre in Washington.

1912 RMS Titanic sinks at 2:27 AM off Newfoundland as the band plays on, with the loss of between 1,490 and 1,635 people.

1942 George VI awards George Cross to people of Malta.

1945 British Army liberates Nazi concentration camp Bergen-Belsen.

1945 US troops occupy concentration camp Colditz.

1952 The maiden flight of the B-52 Stratofortress prototype.

2019 Paris cathedral Notre Dame catches fire, toppling its spire and destroying its roof.

[mapuc]

On this day 15 April 1452 a boy came into the world-He would become very famous even this day today
His name was
Leonardo da Vinci

[Jimbuna]

1918 The British House of Commons passes a new Military Service Bill, taking men up to 55 years old and extending to Ireland.

1939 The Soviet Union proposes an alliance with Britain and France to counter Nazi Germany; the Soviets would later sign a secret agreement with the Nazis.

1945 Dutch town of Arnhem, site of failed Operation Market Garden, is freed by British and Canadian forces.

1945 Colditz Castle, the high-security prisoner of war camp in Germany, is liberated by American troops.

1948 Organization for European Economic Cooperation (EEC) forms in Paris.

1951 British submarine Affray sank in English Channel, killing 75.

2003 Treaty of Accession is signed in Athens admitting 10 new member states to the European Union.

[Jimbuna]

1961 1,400 Cuban exiles land in Bay of Pigs in a doomed attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro.

2013 North Korea blocks a South Korean supply delegation from the Kaesong joint industrial zone.

[Aktungbby]

1906: a devasting earthquake struck San Francisco followed by raging fires.The
death toll 3-6 thousand. Considering two recent quakes in Napa(2014-epicentered 500 yards from the house):hmmm: and raging fires(2017-8,000 ft from the house):timeout:..."the new normal" is 114 years old today!:o...and real-estate prices just keep climbing!:O:

[Mr Quatro]

1906: a devasting earthquake struck San Francisco followed by raging fires.The
death toll 3-6 thousand. Considering two recent quakes in Napa(2014-epicentered 500 yards from the house):hmmm: and raging fires(2017-8,000 ft from the house):timeout:..."the new normal" is 114 years old today!:o...and real-estate prices just keep climbing!:O:

Wow! I didn't know that ... I figure that's why San Francisco has so many gay men and women ...

When they died the ghost didn't care who they got in and they brought their preferences with them :hmmm:

[Jimbuna]

1783 Fighting ceases in the American Revolution, eight years to the day when it began.

1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire kills nearly 4,000 while destroying 75% of the city.

1912 Cunard liner RMS Carpathia brings 705 survivors from the RMS Titanic to New York City.

1915 French pilot Roland Garros is shot down and glides to a landing on the German side of the lines during World War I.

1916 US Secretary of State Warns Germany that the USA may break diplomatic relations unless torpedo attacks on unarmed ships stop.

1934 Adolf Hitler names Joachim von Ribbentrop ambassador for disarmament.

1942 James Doolittle bombs Tokyo and other Japanese cities.

1943 Operation Vengeance: US Army Air Force P-38G fighter aircraft from Kukum Field on Guadalcanal ambush and shoot down the transport bomber aircraft of Isoroku Yamamoto, commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy and mastermind behind the Pearl Harbour attack.

[Jimbuna]

1775 American Revolution begins in Lexington, Massachusetts. The "Shot Heard Round the World" took place in Concord later that day.

1943 Jews refuse to surrender the Warsaw Ghetto to SS officer Jürgen Stroop, who then orders its destruction, beginning the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.

1945 US aircraft carrier Franklin heavily damaged in Japanese air raid.

1967 Beatles sign a contract to stay together for 10 years (they don't).

1989 Gun turret explodes on USS Iowa, killing 47 sailors.

[Jimbuna]

1899 David Beatty is appointed executive officer of the HMS Barfleur, a small battleship and flagship of the China Station.

1918 Manfred von Richthofen, aka The Red Baron, shoots down his 79th and 80th victims marking his final victories before his death the following day.

1934 Heinrich Himmler becomes inspector Prussian secret state police.

1945 Soviet artillery begins shelling Berlin.

1945 US 7th army captured German city of Nuremberg.

1987 US deports Karl Linnas to USSR, charged with Nazi war crimes.

2018 Commonwealth countries decide Prince Charles will succeed Queen Elizabeth as the next head of the Commonwealth.

[Catfish]

At april 19th, there also was the Oklahoma city bombing, and on this date today the explosion of the "Deepwater horizon" in the Gulf of Mexico.
More modern history, of course, but with definitive consequences. Especially that nothing has been learned of the rig explosion, the security measures have since been reduced for competition reasons.

[Jimbuna]

1916 The Aud, carrying a cargo of 20,000 rifles to assist Irish republicans in staging what would become the 1916 Rising, is captured by the British Navy and forced to sail towards Cork Harbour.

1918 World War I: German fighter ace Baron Manfred von Richthofen "The Red Baron", shot down and killed over Vaux sur Somme in France, Canadian pilot Arthur Roy Brown credited with the kill.

1945 Soviet army arrives at outskirts of Berlin.

1986 Geraldo Rivera opens Al Capone's vault on TV and finds nothing.

[Jimbuna]

1915 First military use of poison gas (chlorine, by Germany) in WW I

1916 Karl Spindler scuttles the Aud near Daunt's Rock, to prevent its cargo of 20,000 rifles destined for Irish republicans falling into enemy hands.

1930 US, Britain & Japan sign London Naval Treaty.

1940 Rear Admiral Joseph Taussig testifies before US Senate Naval Affairs Committee that war with Japan is inevitable.

1945 Battle of Berlin: Upon being informed that a planned counter-attack never happened, Adolf Hitler flies into a rage, denounces the German Army and concedes World War II is lost.

1945 SS chief Heinrich Himmler secretly meets with Count Folke Bernadotte of Sweden, asking him to act as an intermediary for a surrender offer to the Western Allies. The Allies do not take the offer seriously.

[Jimbuna]

1867 Queen Victoria & Napoleon III turn down plans for a channel tunnel.

2003 Beijing closes all schools for two weeks because of the SARS virus.

[Jimbuna]

1916 Easter Rising of Irish republicans against British occupation begins in Dublin.

1916 Ernest Shackleton and five men of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition launch a lifeboat from uninhabited Elephant Island in the Southern Ocean to organise a rescue for ice-trapped ship Endurance.

1941 Dutch Prince Bernhard becomes an RAF pilot.

1953 Winston Churchill knighted by Queen Elizabeth II

1967 Vietnam War: American General William Westmoreland says in a news conference that the enemy had "gained support in the United States that gives him hope that he can win politically that which he cannot win militarily."

1969 Paul McCartney says there is no truth to rumours he is dead.

[Jimbuna]

1960 First submerged circumnavigation of Earth completed by USS submarine Triton in 60 days, 21 hours.

[Jimbuna]

1944 First B-29 attacked by Japanese fighters, one fighter shot down.

1945 Marshal Philippe Pétain, leader of France's Vichy collaborationist regime during World War II, arrested for treason.

1945 Battle of Bautzen - last successful German tank-offensive of the war and last noteworthy victory of the Wehrmacht.

1952 US minesweeper Hobson rams aircraft carrier Wasp, kills 176

1982 Argentina surrenders to Great Britain on South Georgia Island, near the Falkland Islands.

1986 World's worst nuclear disaster: 4th reactor at Chernobyl nuclear power station in USSR explodes, 31 die, radioactive contamination reaches much of Western Europe.

[Jimbuna]

1773 British Parliament passes Tea Act (Boston won't like this)

1865 Steamboat "SS Sultana" explodes in the Mississippi River, killing up to 1,800 of the 2,427 passengers in the greatest maritime disaster in United States history. Most were paroled Union POWs on their way home.

1945 Italian partisans capture Benito Mussolini at Dongo (Lake Como)

2006 Construction begins on the Freedom Tower for the new World Trade Center in New York City.

2018 Historic Korean summit, the North's Kim Jong-un and Moon Jae-in of South Korea agree to officially end Korean war and rid peninsula of nuclear weapons.

[Aktungbby]

1865 Steamboat "SS Sultana" explodes in the Mississippi River, killing up to 1,800 of the 2,427 passengers in the greatest maritime disaster in United States history. Most were paroled Union POWs on their way home.

INDEED! Move over Titanic! "shoddy': having a delusive appearance of high quality," a Northern word from the American Civil War in reference to the quality of government supplies for the armies, from earlier noun meaning "rag-wool, wool made of woolen waste and old rags"
Photo of Sultana the day before the disaster> https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Civil_War_Steamer_Sultana_tintype%2C_1865.png/1024px-Civil_War_Steamer_Sultana_tintype%2C_1865.pngbut the real culprit was greed and 'shoddyness' no 'imho' about it!: The U.S. government would pay $2.75 per enlisted man and $8 per officer to any steamboat captain who would take a group north. Knowing that Mason was in need of money, Hatch suggested that he could guarantee Mason a full load of about 1,400 prisoners if Mason would agree to give him a kickback. Hoping to gain much money through this deal, Mason quickly agreed to the offered bribe. Leaving Vicksburg, Sultana traveled down river to New Orleans, continuing to spread the news of Lincoln's assassination. On April 21, 1865 Sultana left New Orleans with about 70 cabin and deck passengers, and a small amount of livestock. She also carried a crew of 85. About ten hours south of Vicksburg, one of Sultana's four boilers sprang a leak. Under reduced pressure, the steamboat limped into Vicksburg to get the boiler repaired and to pick up her promised load of prisoners. THe shoddy work: Although the mechanic wanted to cut out and replace a ruptured seam, Mason knew that such a job would take a few days and cost him his precious load of prisoners. By the time the repairs would be completed, the prisoners would have been sent home on other boats. Instead, Mason and his chief engineer, Nathan Wintringer, convinced the mechanic to make temporary repairs, hammering back the bulged boiler plate and riveting a patch of lesser thickness over the seam. Instead of taking two or three days, the temporary repair took only one. During her time in port, and while the repairs were being made, Sultana took on the paroled prisoners. Although Sultana had a legal capacity of only 376, by the time she backed away from Vicksburg on the night of April 24, 1865, she was severely overcrowded with 1,960 paroled prisoners, 22 guards from the 58th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 70 paying cabin passengers, and 85 crew members, a total of 2,137 people. The most recent investigation into the cause of the disaster by Pat Jennings, Principal Engineer of Harford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, which came into existence in 1866 because of the Sultana explosion, has determined that three main factors led to the explosion:
1) The type of metal used in the construction of the boilers – Charcoal Hammered No. 1, which tends to become brittle with prolonged heating and cooling. Charcoal Hammered No. 1 was no longer used for the manufacture of boilers after 1879.
2) The use of the dirty Mississippi River water to feed the boilers. The dirt tended to settle on the bottom of the boilers or clog between the flues and leave hotspots.
3) The design of the boilers. Sultana had tubular boilers filled with 24 horizontal 5-inch flues. Being so closely packed within the 48-inch diameter boilers tended to cause the muddy sediment to form hot pockets. They were extremely difficult to clean. Tubular boilers were pulled from use on steamboats plying the Lower Mississippi after two more steamboats with tubular boilers exploded shortly after the Sultana. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultana_(steamboat (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultana_(steamboat)) https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/91+DhOwAgIL._SX300_.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sultana_disaster_historic_marker.jpg/220px-Sultana_disaster_historic_marker.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sultana_disaster_historic_marker.jpg)

[Mr Quatro]

Today In Naval History Supplement 28 April 1789

The mutiny on the Royal Navy vessel HMS Bounty

The mutiny on the Royal Navy vessel HMS Bounty occurred in the south Pacific on 28 April 1789. Disaffected crewmen, led by Acting Lieutenant Fletcher Christian, seized control of the ship from their captain Lieutenant William Bligh and set him and 18 loyalists adrift in the ship's open launch. The mutineers variously settled on Tahiti or on Pitcairn Island. Bligh meanwhile completed a voyage of more than 3,500 nautical miles (6,500 km; 4,000 mi) in the launch to reach safety, and began the process of bringing the mutineers to justice.

Bounty had left England in 1787 on a mission to collect and transport breadfruit plants from Tahiti to the West Indies. A five-month layover in Tahiti, during which many of the men lived ashore and formed relationships with native Polynesians, proved harmful to discipline. Relations between Bligh and his crew deteriorated after he began handing out increasingly harsh punishments, criticism and abuse, Christian being a particular target. After three weeks back at sea, Christian and others forced Bligh from the ship. Twenty-five men remained on board afterwards, including loyalists held against their will and others for whom there was no room in the launch.

After Bligh reached England in April 1790, the Admiralty despatched HMS Pandora to apprehend the mutineers. Fourteen were captured in Tahiti and imprisoned on board Pandora, which then searched without success for Christian's party that had hidden on Pitcairn Island. After turning back towards England Pandora ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef, with the loss of 31 crew and four prisoners from Bounty. The 10 surviving detainees reached England in June 1792 and were court martialled; four were acquitted, three were pardoned and three were hanged.

Christian's group remained undiscovered on Pitcairn until 1808, by which time only one mutineer, John Adams, remained alive. Almost all his fellow-mutineers, including Christian, had been killed, either by each other or by their Polynesian companions. No action was taken against Adams; descendants of the mutineers and their Tahitian consorts live on Pitcairn into the 21st century. The generally accepted view of Bligh as an overbearing monster and Christian as a tragic victim of circumstances, as depicted in well-known film accounts, has been challenged by late 20th- and 21st-century historians from whom a more sympathetic picture of Bligh has emerged.

https://scontent.ffar2-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/94884323_10217071509839662_3127363561655894016_o.j pg?_nc_cat=111&_nc_sid=ca434c&_nc_oc=AQmfyReUDR8jwyU30uf57hDbClmP-oT7oq7g37MacyBP4RdOzvfCMaTWVByPU07pdUc&_nc_ht=scontent.ffar2-1.fna&oh=6d992956b419d8fa33b8ee8cb09cf9e0&oe=5ECBD455

[Aktungbby]

The generally accepted view of Bligh as an overbearing monster and Christian as a tragic victim of circumstances, as depicted in well-known film accounts, has been challenged by late 20th- and 21st-century historians from whom a more sympathetic picture of Bligh has emerged.
https://cdn.britannica.com/s:300x300/04/6704-004-4C960F17/William-Bligh-pencil-drawing-George-Dance-the-1794.jpg Upon learning of the mutiny, the Royal Navy dispatched the Pandora to Tahiti, where it captured three mutineers. Bligh himself put back to sea in the Providence in 1791, determined to complete his mission. However, it was a fatal choice for his public reputation, as he was not in England for the trial and execution of the mutineers, and accusations about his command went unanswered. In his Narrative of the Mutiny, published a few months after his return to England, Bligh argued that the hedonistic delights of the South Seas were the cause of the mutiny. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/John_Webber_-_Poedooa%2C_the_Daughter_of_Oree.jpg/170px-John_Webber_-_Poedooa%2C_the_Daughter_of_Oree.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Webber_-_Poedooa,_the_Daughter_of_Oree.jpg)< HEY! I'VE BEEN TO TAHITI-CLUBMED; IT'S TRUE!:arrgh!: Christian’s brother Edward, a professor of law at the University of Cambridge (https://www.britannica.com/topic/University-of-Cambridge), replied in a pamphlet that interviews with the Bounty crew revealed many flaws in Bligh’s command. (HARDLY AN UNBIASED SOURCE IMHO:hmmm:) The abolition movement (https://www.britannica.com/topic/abolitionism-European-and-American-social-movement), which also had no sympathy for the expedition, circulated the journal of boatswain’s mate James Morrison, which contained very damning stories of his former captain’s extravagant behaviour. (Morrison was condemned to hang for the mutiny but was later given King’s Mercy.) HIS VOYAGES UNDER THE EXPLORER JAMES COOK AND HIS CONDUCT IN MUZZLE TO MUZZLE BATTLE OF COPENHAGEN HMS GLATTON(54 GUNS)-EARNING A COMMENDATION FROM ADMIRAL NELSON HIMSELF AFTER A 19 MINUTE EXCHANGE OF FIRE WITH A SUPERIOR VESSEL!!:Kaleun_Salute:
At 10:26 the action began. At noon the action continuing very hot, ourselves much cut up – our opponent the Danish Commodore struck to us but his seconds ahead and astern still kept up a strongfire. At 11:24 our fore topmast was shot away, seven of our upper deck guns disabled by the enemy.
The action continuing very hot at 2:45 it may be said to have ended. Our losses 17 killed, 34 wounded. Mast very dangerously wounded. Rigging and sails shot to pieces. Seven upper deck guns, and two lower disabled by the enemy’s shot.
Our number of men on board, including officers were 309 so that we had 1/6 of the whole killed and disabled. All the ships and vessels to the southward of the Crown Battery struck and except one or two, was destroyed or taken. We fought at a cables length distant from our opponents. AND CAMPERDOWN IN HMS DIRCTOR(64GUNS ) WHERE HIS VESSEL CROSSED THE ENEMY FLAGSHIP'S STERN WITH RAKING FIRE; BEFORE PERSONALLY BOARDING AND CAPTURING THE ENEMY ADMIRAL REFLECT THE HIGHEST COMPETENCE AND WARRIOR'S RESOLVE! BLIGH IN A COURT MARTIAL FOR 'ABUSIVE' LANGAUGE ACKNOWLEDGED HIS SHORTCOMINGS: I candidly and without reserve avow that I am not a tame and indifferent observer of the manner in which officers placed under my orders conduct themselves in the performance of their several duties. A signal or any communication from a commanding officer has ever been to me an indication for exertion and alacrity to carry into effect the purport thereof and peradventure I may occasionally have appeared to some of those officers as unnecessarily anxious for its execution by exhibiting an action or gesture peculiar to myself to such. THROWING AN UNBELIEVABLY SKILLFUL 3618 (NAUTICAL)MILE 4-WEEK VOYAGE IN AN OPEN BOAT WITH 18 VERY MALCONTENT SAILORS From the outset, the weather was wet and stormy, with mountainous seas that constantly threatened to overwhelm the boat.When the sun appeared, Bligh noted in his daily journal that it "gave us as much pleasure as a winter's day in England. Bligh endeavoured to continue his journal throughout the voyage, observing, sketching, and charting as they made their way west. To keep up morale, he told stories of his prior experiences at sea, got the men singing, and occasionally said prayers. The launch made the first passage by Europeans through the Fiji Islands (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji), but they dared not stop because of the islanders' reputation for cannibalism. On 17 May, Bligh recorded that "our situation was miserable; always wet, and suffering extreme cold ... without the least shelter from the weather". 6 MORE WOULD DIE OF DISEASE AFTER REACHING BATAVIA... ... AND THAT OUR OWN SECRETARY OF THE NAVY JUST RESIGNED AFTER USING 'ABUSIVE' LANGUAGE....NUTHING GOOD GOES OUTTA STYLE AND OL' BLIGH RATES A RETRIAL IN THE HINDSIGHT OF HISTORY:arrgh!: IN GETTING TO THE IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM IN LONDON, I PASSED HIS HOUSE AND STOPPED TO REFLECT https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Captain_Bligh_House_London.jpg/800px-Captain_Bligh_House_London.jpg (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Captain_Bligh_House_London.jpg)INASMUCH AS I'D MADE A MODEL OF HMS BOUNTY AS A LAD:D https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51v3BetQgpL._AC_.jpg

[Jimbuna]

1910 First night air flight by Claude Grahame-White in England.

1919 First jump with US Army Air Corps (rip-cord type) parachute (Les Irvin)

1939 Adolf Hitler claims German-Polish non-attack treaty still in effect.

1940 SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel) Rudolf Höss (not Hess, different Nazi) becomes commandant of concentration camp Auschwitz.

1942 German Luftwaffe estimated to have flown over 11 thousand sorties against Malta since 20th March.

1942 "WW II" titled so, as result of Gallup Poll.

1944 Exercise "Tiger" ends with 750 US soldiers dead in D-Day rehearsal after their convoy ships were attacked by German torpedo boats off Slapton Sands, Devon.

1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower resigns as Supreme Commander of NATO.

1967 The Douglas Aircraft Company behind schedule with deliveries of the DC-8 and DC-9 and close to bankruptcy agrees to merge with the McDonnell Aircraft Corporation to form McDonnell Douglas.

1973 Over 6000 Mk. 82 500 pound bombs detonate over 18 hrs in a railyard in northern California. 5500 structures damaged, town of Antelope destroyed, with every building reduced to foundations. Leads to Transportation Safety Act (1974)

[Mr Quatro]

Wow! I never heard of that one before ... can you imagine 6,000 five hundred lb bombs going off in your neighborhood? :o

1973 Over 6000 Mk. 82 500 pound bombs detonate over 18 hrs in a railyard in northern California. 5500 structures damaged, town of Antelope destroyed, with every building reduced to foundations. Leads to Transportation Safety Act (1974)

[Aktungbby]

^ AT LEAST THIS TIME THER WAS NO MUTINY!:k_confused: On the night of July 17, 1944, something went terribly wrong. Two-thousand tons of ordinance loaded into one of two cargo ships went up in a massive blast. Nothing was left of the EA Bryan.
A neighboring ship, the 455 foot long Quinault Victory, was ripped apart.
What was left landed 500 feet away, upside down. The Port Chicago disaster was a deadly munitions (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition)explosion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosion) that occurred on July 17, 1944, at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in Port Chicago, California (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Chicago,_California), United States. Munitions detonated (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detonation) while being loaded onto a cargo vessel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship) bound for the Pacific Theater of Operations (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater), killing 320 sailors (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor) and civilians (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian) and injuring 390 others. Most of the dead and injured were enlisted African American (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American) sailors.
A month later, unsafe conditions inspired hundreds of servicemen to refuse to load munitions, an act known as the Port Chicago Mutiny.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Portchicago.jpg
:Kaleun_Salute: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Chicago_disaster (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Chicago_disaster)

[Jimbuna]

1916 Irish republicans abandon the post office in Dublin and surrender unconditionally, marking the end of the Easter Rising.

1945 US Army liberates 31,601 people from the Dachau Nazi concentration camp in Germany.

1946 28 former Japanese leaders indicted in Tokyo as war criminals.

1981 Peter Sutcliffe admits he is the Yorkshire Ripper (murdered 13 women)

1990 Wrecking cranes began tearing down the Berlin Wall at the Brandenburg Gate.

[Jimbuna]

1940 Air New Zealand then known as TEAL makes its inaugural flight with a flight from Auckland to Sydney. Later becomes first airline in the world to boil hot water in-flight to offer customers hot tea and coffee.

1942 First submarine built on Great Lakes launched, (Peto), Manitowoc, Wisconsin.

1945 Lord Haw-Haw (William Joyce) calls for crusade against the Bolsheviks.

1945 Red Army opens attack on German Reichstag building in Berlin.

1945 Record 48 U-boats sunk by the Allies this month.

1945 Adolf Hitler commits suicide along with his new wife Eva Braun in the Fuhrerbunker in Berlin as the Red Army captures the city.

1980 Terrorists seize Iranian Embassy in London.

2008 Two skeletal remains found near Ekaterinburg, Russia, were confirmed by Russian scientists to be the remains of Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia and one of his sisters.

[Aktungbby]

1945 Adolf Hitler commits suicide along with his new wife Eva Braun in the Fuhrerbunker in Berlin as the Red Army captures the city.
Junge—an eye-witness to bunker events—stated that Braun pleaded with Hitler to spare her brother-in-law and tried to justify Fegelein's actions. Junge said Fegelein was taken to the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April, and was "shot like a dog":timeout: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hermann_Fegelein.jpg/220px-Hermann_Fegelein.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermann_Fegelein.jpg) During the course of 29 April 1945, Hitler learned of the death of his ally Benito Mussolini (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini) at the hands of Italian partisans (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_partisans). This, along with the fact the Soviet Red Army was closing in on his location, strengthened Hitler in his resolve not to allow himself or his wife to be captured. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F051673-0059%2C_Adolf_Hitler_und_Eva_Braun_auf_dem_Berghof .jpg/275px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F051673-0059%2C_Adolf_Hitler_und_Eva_Braun_auf_dem_Berghof .jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F051673-0059,_Adolf_Hitler_und_Eva_Braun_auf_dem_Berghof.j pg) That afternoon, Hitler expressed doubts about the cyanide capsules he had received through Heinrich Himmler (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler)'s SS (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel). By this point, Hitler regarded Himmler as a traitor. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F051673-0059%2C_Adolf_Hitler_und_Blondi_auf_dem_Berghof_%2 8cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F051673-0059%2C_Adolf_Hitler_und_Blondi_auf_dem_Berghof_%2 8cropped%29.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F051673-0059,_Adolf_Hitler_und_Blondi_auf_dem_Berghof_(cro pped).jpg) To verify the capsules' potency, Hitler ordered Dr. Werner Haase (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Haase) to test one on Blondi, who died as a result. Erna Flegel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna_Flegel) who met Hitler and worked at the emergency casualty station in the Reich Chancellery (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Chancellery) stated in 2005 that Blondi's death had affected the people in the bunker more than Eva Braun's suicide. :up:Hitler's dog-handler Feldwebel (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feldwebel) Fritz Tornow (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Tornow) took Blondi's pups and shot them in the garden of the bunker complex on 30 April, after Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide. He also killed Eva Braun's two dogs, Frau Gerda Christian (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerda_Christian)'s dogs, and his own dachshund (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachshund). After one day of marriage! Having executed his brother-in-law, killed his dog Blondi to test the cyanide... and a suicide by 3:30 pm ....truly a 'dog day afternoon' in the ol' Führerbunker (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker)! :k_confused: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Tornow (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Tornow)

[_dgn_]

On 30th April 1863, in the "Hacienda Camarón (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camar%C3%B3n)" in Mexico, about sixty Legionnaires, belonging to the 3rd Company of the First Foreign Regiment (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Foreign_Regiment) and led by the Captain Jean DANJOU (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Danjou), withstood a force of 3,000 Mexican soldiers for most of the day.

The "Camerone spirit" was born ...

Now, it's time for the traditional blood sausage ... and for some (?) beers !

Cheers.

[Jimbuna]

1707 Acts of Union comes into force, uniting England and Scotland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

1915 British liner Lusitania leaves NY for Liverpool.

1915 German submarine torpedoes US tanker Gulflight.

1919 British naval officer David Beatty is promoted to Admiral of the Fleet.

1943 Food rationing begins in the United States during World War II

1943 German plane sinks the British ship SS Erinpura in the Mediterranean with the loss of 799 lives.

1944 Messerschmitt Me 262 Sturmvogel, 1st jet bomber, makes 1st flight.

1945 About 1,000 citizens of Demmin in Germany, commit suicide provoked by occupation by Soviet Red Army.

1945 Admiral Karl Doenitz forms German government.

1946 Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery appointed British supreme commander.

1960 Russia shoots down Francis Gary Powers' U-2 spy plane over Sverdlovsk.

[Aktungbby]

2011: Osama bin Laden (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden), the founder and first leader of the Islamist (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamism) terrorist group, Al-Qaeda (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda), was killed in Pakistan (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) on May 2, 2011, shortly after 1:00 am by United States Navy SEALs (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs) of the U.S. Naval Special Warfare Development Group (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEAL_Team_Six) (also known as DEVGRU or SEAL Team Six. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Osama_Bin_Laden_marked_deceased_on_FBI_Ten_Most_Wa nted_List_May_3_2011.jpg ...and promptly buried at sea:
The Geneva Conventions (https://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Article.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=6E2CC750300A2364C12563CD00519FEC) call for burying enemies slain in battle, “if possible,” in accordance with their religion — which for Muslims means swift interment in soil, facing Mecca — and in marked graves. Still, some Islamic writings permit burial at sea during voyages. The burial memo, handled by Admiral Crawford, focused on that exception; ultimately, burial at sea is religiously acceptable if necessary, and is not a desecration, it said.
The lawyers decided that Saudi Arabia, Bin Laden’s home, must be asked whether it wanted his remains. If not, burial at sea would be permissible. As expected, the Saudis declined, officials said. nice and tidy!:up: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/us/politics/obama-legal-authorization-osama-bin-laden-raid.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/29/us/politics/obama-legal-authorization-osama-bin-laden-raid.html)

[Jimbuna]

1945 More than 1,000,000 German soldiers officially surrender to the Western Allies in Italy and Austria.

1945 Battle of Berlin ends as Soviet army takes Berlin and General Weidling surrenders.

1982 Falklands War: Argentine cruiser General Belgrano sunk by British submarine HMS Conqueror, killing more than 350 men.

2011 Osama bin Laden, the suspected mastermind behind the September 11 attacks and the FBI's most wanted man is killed by US special forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan.

[Jimbuna]

1915 John McCrae writes the poem "In Flanders Fields"

1916 Irish Nationalists Patrick Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh and Thomas Clarke are executed by firing squad following their involvement in the Easter Rising.

1945 German ship "Cap Arcona" laden with prisoners sunk by Royal Air Force in East Sea, 5,800 killed - one of largest maritime losses of life.

1947 Japan's post-war constitution goes into effect, granting universal suffrage, stripping Emperor Hirohito of all but symbolic power and outlawing Japan's right to make war.

[ABBAFAN]

4th May 1888, single screw freighter Titanic leaves Belfast on her maiden voyage to Glasgow.

4th May 1982, Royal Navy type 42 Destroyer HMS Sheffield hit by air launched Exocet missile during Falklands Conflict.

[Jimbuna]

1904 Construction begins by the United States on the Panama Canal.

1979 Margaret Thatcher becomes the first woman to be elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

1916 At request of US, Germany curtails its submarine warfare.

1917 A flotilla of US destroyer ships arrive in Queenstown, Ireland, to aid in convoying ships to England.

1945 German forces in Denmark, Norway and the Netherlands surrender unconditionally to British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery at Luneburg Heath.

1982 British destroyer HMS Sheffield hit by Exocet rocket off Falkland Islands: 20 of her crew died.

2018 California overtakes Great Britain to become the worlds fifth largest economy.

[Aktungbby]

1970: Kent state massacre takes place exactly half a century ago while I'm in my Freshman year; four students, all unarmed, are fired upon by the National Guard at Kent State Ohio...https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZo49cNhal0 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZo49cNhal0) I still remember where I was when I heard about it-ending my trust of Uncle Sam; and I've ocasionally wondered what file my own photo's in; having participated in a temporary takeover of my own school's Admin building in the same year??!! This photo won the Pulitzer: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/65/Kent_State_massacre.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_shootings (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_shootings) and Neil Young responde with the iconic: Four Dead in Ohio https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YX95QSKBODo (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YX95QSKBODo) ..

[Jimbuna]

1955 West Germany is granted full sovereignty by its three occupying powers.

1945 Admiral Karl Dönitz, leader of Germany after Hitler's death, orders all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases.

1980 Siege at Iranian Embassy in London ends as the SAS and police storm the building.

1981 After 66 days on hunger strike, 26 year old Provisional IRA member and British MP Bobby Sands dies in the Maze Prison. Nine more hunger strikers die in the next 3 months.

[Jimbuna]

1910 George V becomes King of the United Kingdom upon the death of his father, Edward VII

1937 German airship Hindenburg explodes in flames at Lakehurst, New Jersey, killing 35 of the 97 on board and 1 on the ground.

1954 Roger Bannister of the UK becomes the 1st person to run a 4 minute mile, recording 3:59:4 at Iffley Road, Oxford.

[Jimbuna]

1915 RMS Lusitania sunk by German submarine off the southern coast of Ireland; 1198 lives lost.

1919 A draft of the Versailles Treaty is shown to Germans.

1945 Unconditional German surrender to the Allies signed by General Alfred Jodl at Rheims.

[Aktungbby]

1919 A draft of the Versailles Treaty is shown to Germans.

1945 Unconditional German surrender to the Allies signed by General Alfred Jodl at Rheims. Putting 'paid' to the 1919 Armistice in the 40 year War(s)of Teutonic Expansion that butchered most of the 20th century and created the issues of the 21st; namely, N.Korea and China are now looking for 'their own 'place in the sun'....the Kaiser's original concept:hmmm:.

[_dgn_]

May 7, 1954, last day of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu). Time for the last offensive of the North Vietnamese communists, started on May 1.

25 000 Vietnamese soldiers assault the remaining french troops (3000 men) . Combat stations are taken one after the other during all the day. At 5:00 p.m, the HQ ("PC GONO") falls. The radio operators blow up their equipment after the last message indicating their encirclement.

At 5:30 p.m, ceasefire order is given in the entrenched Dien Bien Phu camp. No white flags, everything must be blowed up or destroyed (or for weapons, dismantled). On the support point "Eliane 12", Lt Jacques ALLAIRE (now colonel and 96 years old), leader of the mortar platoon of the 6th Colonial Parachute Battalion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Marine_Infantry_Parachute_Regimenthttp://) (6e BPC), demands a written order from his leader, Major Marcel BIGEARD (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Bigeard), to stop firing. But in some areas, fighting continues (concerning not only paratroopers or Legionnaires), but ammo is sometimes missing, so close combat is general. In this case, the french "secret weapon" is used : bayonet (and US Mk III combat knife for the paratroopers and Legionnaires). Naturally, it's soon the end.

But on the large strongpoint "Isabelle", the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Foreign_Infantry_Regiment) resists despite the massive bombardment of all the North-Vietnamese artillery. On April 30, it just celebrated the Battle of Camerone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camar%C3%B3n), the symbol of the Foreign Legion. In the same spirit, at one o'clock in the morning, May 8, 1954, the remains of the Regiment (mainly from its 3nd Battalion) managed to break out, but less than a hundred Legionaires managed to cross the communist lines, after numerous ambushes.

All were faithful to the latin maxim (Rom had its Legion, too !) : "More Majorum" ("according to the custom of the ancestors").

With all respect.

Cheers.

[Aktungbby]

On 30th April 1863, in the "Hacienda Camarón (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camar%C3%B3n)" in Mexico, about sixty Legionnaires, belonging to the 3rd Company of the First Foreign Regiment (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Foreign_Regiment) and led by the Captain Jean DANJOU (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Danjou), withstood a force of 3,000 Mexican soldiers for most of the day.

The "Camerone spirit" was born ...

Now, it's time for the traditional blood sausage ... and for some (?) beers !

Cheers.

May 7, 1954, last day of the Battle of Dien Bien Phu (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu). Time for the last offensive of the North Vietnamese communists, started on May 1.

25 000 Vietnamese soldiers assault the remaining french troops (3000 men) . Combat stations are taken one after the other during all the day. At 5:00 p.m, the HQ ("PC GONO") falls. The radio operators blow up their equipment after the last message indicating their encirclement.

At 5:30 p.m, ceasefire order is given in the entrenched Dien Bien Phu camp. No white flags, everything must be blowed up or destroyed (or for weapons, dismantled). On the support point "Eliane 12", Lt Jacques ALLAIRE (now colonel and 96 years old), leader of the mortar platoon of the 6th Colonial Parachute Battalion (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Marine_Infantry_Parachute_Regimenthttp://) (6e BPC), demands a written order from his leader, Major Marcel BIGEARD (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Bigeard), to stop firing. But in some areas, fighting continues (concerning not only paratroopers or Legionnaires), but ammo is sometimes missing, so close combat is general. In this case, the french "secret weapon" is used : bayonet (and US Mk III combat knife for the paratroopers and Legionnaires). Naturally, it's soon the end.

But on the large strongpoint "Isabelle", the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Foreign_Infantry_Regiment) resists despite the massive bombardment of all the North-Vietnamese artillery. On April 30, it just celebrated the Battle of Camerone (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camar%C3%B3n), the symbol of the Foreign Legion. In the same spirit, at one o'clock in the morning, May 8, 1954, the remains of the Regiment (mainly from its 3nd Battalion) managed to break out, but less than a hundred Legionaires managed to cross the communist lines, after numerous ambushes.

All were faithful to the latin maxim (Rom had its Legion, too !) : "More Majorum" ("according to the custom of the ancestors").

With all respect.

Cheers.Well oddly....my wife is serving me up a fine meal of crockpot Chicken Marengo named for at least one French victory-The original dish was named to celebrate the Battle of Marengo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo), a Napoleonic victory of June 1800. Even his horse was named Marengohttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg/220px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg):rock: ....there is no Pollo Camarón nor a tasty Fricassée Điện Biên Phủ,:doh: " An army travels on it's stomach'' as the saying goes ....but only la victoire gets entrées named after them.:ping: :ping: :ping: :hmmm:

[_dgn_]

Well oddly....my wife is serving me up a fine meal of crockpot Chicken Marengo named for at least one French victory-The original dish was named to celebrate the Battle of Marengo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo), a Napoleonic victory of June 1800. Even his horse was named Marengohttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg/220px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg):rock: ....there is no Pollo Camarón nor a tasty Fricassée Điện Biên Phủ,:doh: " An army travels on it's stomach'' as the saying goes ....but only la victoire gets entrées named after them.:ping: :ping: :ping: :hmmm:


"Bon appétit" or "Guten Appetit.", Aktungbby. You're lucky to have a real "cordon bleu" for your wife. A small detail, the recipe has many variants, including the veal meat (the tasty "Marengo veal"). On the other side (British), you find the "Wellington beef" ...

Very interesting to study the relationships between History and cooking. A prominent example : a French town, Bayonne, is mainly known for creating a sauce, the bayonnaise (now named "mayonnaise"), and a sword, the bayonet ...

I'm now working on the french Wiki page about my first (after my officer training in the Saumur Cavalry School) military unit (8ème Régiment de Dragons or 8th Dragoon Regiment), an very old formation (established in March 1674). Naturally, it took part to many battles (the list is quite long), with victories and defeats. Neerwinden, Fontenoy, Rossbach ... during the french monarchy, and many others during the "Révolution" and the "Empire". Thus, Rivoli in 1797, and Marengo in 1800 (14th June), where its both gained the battle honours. So, Marengo is an important battle and date for me !

Generally, the good memories are preserved, like the victories, and you name a lot of things in their memory (even cooking recipes). In Paris, a train station is named "Austerlitz", in London, it's "Waterloo" for an equivalent place ...

But what about defeats ? We need to learn from that (see the german song "Wir sind des Geyers schwarzer Haufen (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Company)" :Geschlagen ziehen wir nach Haus, uns’re Enkel fechten’s besser aus" or "Beaten, we move home, our grandchildren will fight better"). But, in some circumstances, a "defeat" seems to be close to success : in the Battle of Thermopylae, the 300 Spartan hoplites were crushed, but they held the pass, giving time for their allies to organize themselves. War is, in fact, the good organisation of time and means : a delay fight is cheaper in men than a frontal shock. So Camerone was the success of a mission : a flanking patrol for the benefit of an important, but slow convoy of cannons, supplies and gold (of the balance of all the army). 1200 Mexican infantrymen (and 800 horsemen) were fixed, throughout the day, by a handful of men, far away from the convoy road.

In any case, the goal is "to do the job" as well or better as his predecessors ("More majorum") ... so French soldiers in Dien Bien Phu held their positions to the end, usually to the last cartridge, as their comrades in Fort Vaux (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Vaux), in june 1916, or the 9 soldiers of the Pont-Saint-Louis casemate (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate_du_Pont_Saint_Louis), during the Franco-Italian fights for Menton, in June 1940.

Again, with all respect.

Cheers.

[Jimbuna]

1895 China cedes Taiwan to Japan under Treaty of Shimonoseki.

1945 V-E Day: World War II ends in Europe after Germany signs an unconditional surrender.

1958 "Dracula" film starring Christopher Lee as the eponymous vampire, directed by Terence Fisher is the first Hammer Horror film released.

1980 World Health Organization announces smallpox has been eradicated.

[Jimbuna]

1386 Treaty of Windsor between Portugal and England (oldest diplomatic alliance in the world still in force)

1941 British intelligence at Bletchley Park breaks German spy codes after capturing Enigma machines aboard the weather ship Muenchen.

1945 Norwegian nazi collaborators Vidkun Quisling arrested.

1945 The Soviet Union marks Victory Day.

1945 Hermann Goering is captured by the United States Army.

[Jimbuna]

1801 First Barbary War: The Barbary pirates of Tripoli declare war on the United States of America (1st US foreign war)

1857 Indian mutiny against rule by the British East India Company begins with the revolt of the Sepoy soldiers in Meerut.

1915 Canadian physician Cluny MacPherson first presents his gas mask invention to the British War Office.

1917 Atlantic ships get destroyer escorts to stop German attacks.

1918 HMS Vindictive sunk to block entrance of Ostend Harbour.

1940 Winston Churchill succeeds Neville Chamberlain as British Prime Minister.

1941 Adolf Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess escapes to Britain to open secret negotiations with the Allies, parachuting into Scotland.

1960 US atomic submarine USS Triton completes 1st submerged circumnavigation of the globe.

[Mr Quatro]

I hope today (Mothers Day) is a historical turning point day for the world as we transition from the Covid-19 to a more open society that will never be the same again :yep:

[Jimbuna]

I hope today (Mothers Day) is a historical turning point day for the world as we transition from the Covid-19 to a more open society that will never be the same again :yep:

Also in Australia I believe, not sure about any other countries.

[Aktungbby]

not another day of spamming
:O:1958: Minnesota becomes the 32 state of the United States; and ha s a profound effect on history!:shucks: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Seal_of_Minnesota.svg/100px-Seal_of_Minnesota.svg.png Britain will win WWII as 'an army travels on it's stomach' and much of that consisted of SPAM invented in Austin, Minnesota From then on we seemed to suddenly change pace. The Americans were now in the war, Monty gave us a huge victory at El Alamein and we never looked back.
It sounds impossible but did Spam win the war for us in the boost it gave to morale and our taste buds. Was it good old "Supply Processed American Meat" that finally beat the Germans? I wonder?
I know it is scoffed at now and put down as rubbish by the gourmet's of today but I still love my fried spam sandwich and so did my Grandson. https://theconversation.com/how-world-war-ii-rationing-gave-us-a-liking-for-spam-35975 (https://theconversation.com/how-world-war-ii-rationing-gave-us-a-liking-for-spam-35975) and of course gave rise to the coveted :subsim: award for worldwide cleanliness in the forum: https://www.subsim.com/radioroom/images/spam_hunter_sm2.png https://i0.wp.com/www.defensemedianetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Spam1.jpg?resize=550%2C523 (https://i0.wp.com/www.defensemedianetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Spam1.jpg) “During World War II, of course, I ate my share of Spam along with millions of other soldiers. I’ll even confess to a few unkind remarks about it—uttered during the strain of battle, you understand. But as former Commander-in-Chief, I believe I can still officially forgive you your only sin: sending us so much of it.” Perhaps the famous Tommy Trinderhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/Tommy_Trinder.jpg/180px-Tommy_Trinder.jpg (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tommy_Trinder.jpg) complaint should have been:" Damned Yanks: OverHere, Overpaid ...and OverSpammed!" https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/oversexed-overpaid-and-over-here.html (https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/oversexed-overpaid-and-over-here.html)

[Jimbuna]

1812 British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the House of Commons, London. Ironically, descendants of both later elected to Parliament at the same time.

1924 Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft and Benz & Cie begin their first joint venture (later merge into Mercedes-Benz)

1941 First Messerschmidt 109F shot down above England.

1960 Israeli soldiers capture Adolf Eichmann in Buenos Aires..

1985 56 die and at least 265 are injured at Bradford City football ground in the worst fire in English football history.