100 Years Ago Today

[Jimbuna]

2nd March 1919

Belgian troops in occupied Germany guarding the bridge to Dusseldorf.


First Congress of the Communist International (Comintern) is held in Moscow, attended by representatives from more than two dozen countries.


Ship Losses:

Lewis McDonald (United States) The 9-gross ton motor vessel sank while at anchor in a cove in the southwestern part of Red Bay (56°20′N 133°18′W) on the coast of Prince of Wales Island in the Alexander Archipelago in Southeast Alaska when large waves broke over her during a snowstorm with high winds. The two people aboard survived.
Milos (Sweden) The cargo ship, en route from Blyth, Northumberland to Halmstad, struck a mine and sank off the Swedish west coast, with the loss of one crew.

[Sailor Steve]

Saturday, March 1, 1919

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
Day 34

M Pichon's hotel suite, Quai d’Orsay, 15:00


1. M Clemenceau has resumed his duties as President of the Peace Conference. His first order of business is to ask whether the Conference will consider whether to accept the Military and Naval conditions for Peace set by Marshal Foch in a paper circulated the previous day. The Armistice had finally been renewed, but with no certain terms set nor an expiration date. As it now stands the Allies can terminate the new Armistice without prior notice. Mr Balfour recounts that they had discussed earlier the possibility of having the Military and Naval terms given to Germany separately from the Civil and Economic terms. This had been tabled due to the absence of M Clemenceau and the feeling that M Clemenceau had objections to that idea. At this point the general attitude is that the Preliminary Peace Terms should include all Military and Naval terms as well as Financial terms and Territorial Claims. M Clemenceau says that he agrees with Mr Balfour that that the Preliminary Peace Treaty must include all the different sets of terms in one package. The Conference, however, can only decide one set of terms at a time, and the Military and Naval terms should come first.

It is decided that the Military and Naval terms should be finalized on the following Monday, and that the Military experts should be a part of that discussion.


2. Signor Crespi, who had acted as head of the Chairman of the Financial Drafting Committee while Mr Salandra was absent, reads the report of that Committee detailing all the Financial and Economic questions involved when discussing the economic future of Enemy Nations, with special regard to the question of whether the debtor nation should be allowed to change the terms of the debts without permission of the creditors. The several Commissions involved in this part of the Peace Plan are instructed to have all their reports ready for the Conference by Monday, March 22nd. Mr House says he feels the Commissions should have their reports ready by March 15th instead. S Crespi agrees. M Klotz suggests that the Commission should be empowered to appoint its own Sub-Commissions. Mr Lansing suggests the name be changed from the Financial Drafting Committee to the Financial Commission, while still employing the same personnel.

It is agreed that all these changes will be made the following Monday, and the small powers will be invited to the meeting so they can nominate their new members.

3. M Klotz, as Chairman of the Allied Commission on Reparation, reads a statement assigning all blame for destruction of property and all costs of repairing affected countries to the Germans. After much discussion it is decided that this matter should be postponed until S Orlando, President Wilson and Mr. Lloyd George are available again. It is agreed that two drafts should be prepared, one with the assumption that War costs should be part of the Reparation and one that they should not.


4. Further discussion is held regarding the Financial Commission, finalizing the plan that it will be the Economic Planning Committee with a new name. Following this the Commission's duties are ironed out, and the meeting adjourned.


Sunday, March 2, 1919

The Peace Conference has the day off.

[Jimbuna]

3rd March 1919

Aftermath of War

More fighting in Berlin, 3-14 March, and general strike, 3-6 March.

Rushdi Pasha, Prime Minister of Egypt, resigns.

Damad Ferid Pasha succeeds Tewfik Pasha as Grand Vizier.

The main square of Bailleul, France showing damages caused by the war.


American troops in France playing basketball indoors.


Ship Losses:

Hera (Finland) The cargo ship ran aground off Arholma, Sweden and sank.
SMS Senator Schaefer (Imperial German Navy) The Vorpostenboot was lost on this date.

[Sailor Steve]

Monday, March 3, 1919

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
Day 35

M Pichon's hotel suite, Quai d’Orsay, 15:00


1. M Clemenceau opens the meeting asking if the Powers are ready to nominate their delegates for the Financial and Economic Commissions. Mr Lansing, speaking for the United States, asked for a day’s delay. It is noted that the names of the delegates should be communicated to the Secretary-General and that the Commissions should meet immediately, without awaiting the nomination of all the members.


2. Marshal Foch reads a short statement summarizing the report of the Military Commission, covering the Military and Aerial Statutes of Germany.

1) Strength:

A) The land forces of Germany shall not exceed a strength of 200,000 men (officers not included)—that the number of officers and those assimilated from the land forces shall not exceed 9,000;

B) The air forces shall not exceed 1,000 men (officers included) and these forces shall not be maintained after October 1st, 1919.

2) Staffing of large units:

Maximum number of the large units and staffs for the above strength at 15 Infantry divisions and 5 Cavalry divisions, 5 Army Corps HQ and one Army HQ.

3) Recruitment:

The principle of permanent armies is applied to the officers and to the non-commissioned officers of the land forces; they are recruited voluntarily under the obligation to serve a long term, i.e. 25 years for the officers and 15 years for the non-commissioned officers.

The men of the land forces are, on the contrary, taken exclusively in each class of recruiting by drawing numbers, or by any other method chosen by Germany, under the reserve:

A) The total length of these men’s service shall not exceed one year and that the service shall be continuous;

B) The number of trained men, in each class of recruiting shall not exceed 180,000.

(The British Delegation interjects the opinion that they would have preferred a long-term volunteer service, but they accept the above terms so a quick decision may be arrived at.)

4) Armament, War Machines and Ammunition:

Sufficient supplies of these are to be allowed according to the needs of an army of 200,000 men, as indicated in Paragraph 2, taking as a basis the armament of the German divisions shortly before the armistice.

All armament, war machines and ammunition over those amounts are to be handed over to the Allies to be destroyed or rendered useless.

5) Controlling Measures:

A) A Committee of Control is to be established to oversee all of this, and is only to function until the League of Nations is in a position to take over these operations.

Mr Balfour says that there are probably points on which all the Military experts are not agreed. M Clemenceau says there is one. Mr Balfour states that he would like the time to go over the entire document with his own military advisers. Marshal Foch says that all the Delegates had reached a unanimous decision, with the one exception of the British Delegation's desire for a voluntary enlistment system. This, however, had not been pressed, which gave the appearance of unanimous agreement.

B) Baron Sonnino asks if the Military Committees had made any recommendations on the disarmament of Austria-Hungary. Marshal Foch says he has prepared a report on this matter.

C) Marshal Foch says that talks with the Germans should take place by April 1st at the latest. He would actually like to start these talks by March 20th. Mr House says that since the Committees had not been required to submit their reports until March 8th, it might be best to wait until Mr Lloyd George and President Wilson had returned to Paris. Lord Milner points out that two of the Commissions had not been required to submit their reports until March 15th.

Mr Balfour says he had only received the resolutions on the previous day. There are certain large questions which do not exclusively affect one or other of the fighting services. There is one question which might be discussed immediately, the question of the period during which the various proposals were to be enforced. The Aviation authorities wish to enforce their terms until the final conclusion of peace. The Naval authorities wish to enforce theirs until Germany has fulfilled all the terms of the armistice. The Military authorities wish to enforce theirs for all time. It might be desirable, therefore, to discuss the principle here and now in the Council.

D) Duration of terms to be imposed on Germany:

Mr Balfour points out that due to the differing time limits from the different services nothing can be done until an agreement is reached concerning how long the conditions are to last. They can't tell the Germans three different time periods, one for each service.

Lord Milner says he understands from the notes of the discussions on February 12th that President Wilson and Mr Balfour both desire that the terms have no time limits, and be required to last forever. Mr Balfour says this point needs to be cleared up by the Council without further delay. M Clemenceau proposes that this be discussed further in the meeting on the following Thursday. He also says it is his impression that all conditions are to remain in force until the League of Nations takes over from the Peace Council and makes new arrangements.

It is agreed that these discussions be postponed until Thursday. It is also agreed that the three Military Committees need to meet and come to some agreement among themselves on a time limit for the Disarmament Terms.

It is also brought up that the case of Montenegro needs to be heard, and this is placed on the agenda. The meeting is then adjourned.

[Jimbuna]

4th March 1919

Aftermath of War

Britain: Mr. Justice Sankey's Coal Commission begins sittings.

Soldiers with the Canadian Expeditionary Force awaiting repatriation at Kinmel Camp, Bodelwyddan, in North Wales mutinied. The violence resulted in five deaths and 28 injuries. A total 25 Canadian soldiers were convicted of mutiny.

Estimate of total losses during the war given by C. of S., U.S.A.

Confident speech by President Wilson.

Germans living in Sudetenland demonstrate for the right of self-determination but are shot by Czechoslovak forces, resulting in 54 deaths and hundreds of injuries. Postcard depicting the massacre in Kaaden (Kadaň)

[Sailor Steve]

Tuesday, March 4, 1919

The Peace Conference did not meet this day.

[Jimbuna]

5th March 1919

Aftermath of War

President Wilson sails for Paris.

Hungarian revolutionaries in Budapest ride on an automobile and wave flags.


Ship Losses:

Kersaint (French Navy) The sloop-of-war was stranded on reef at Tahiti.

[Sailor Steve]

Wednesday, March 5, 1919

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
Day 36

M Pichon's hotel suite, Quai d’Orsay, 15:00


1. M Clemenceau opens the meeting with the announcement that he has received an application from the Belgian Delegation for Representation on the Supreme Council of Allied and Associated Nations. Belgium claims to have as strong an interest as any other Nation on the Council, and it would be difficult to refuse this request. Mr Balfour agrees it would be difficult to refuse, but allowing Belgian Delegates would open the door to other Small Powers making the same request, such as Poland, which has a vital interest in the decisions made. Mr Lansing says that the Bohemians might well claim an equal interest.

Mr House says the difference is that while the others are newly created States, the Belgians fought the entire war on the side of the Allies. Mr Balfour is not sure the distinction can be sustained. He would like to see a Representative from every Small Power sitting on the Council but that might seriously reduce the Council's ability to do business.

M Clemenceau points out that Delegates from every nation are already allowed to sit on the Council when the subject at hand is of interest to them. It is agreed that Belgium should only be allowed to sit on the Council according to that rule, that is when the subject is of direct importance to Belgium.



2. M Clemenceau says that the Danish House of Representatives has sent a special Delegation to be heard in the matter of Schleswig. As the Danish Minister had already been heard, he suggested that this Danish Delegation be referred to the special Commission on Belgian Affairs, to which the Danish claims had been referred. There are no objections, and it is agreed to refer the Danish Minister to the Commission on Belgian Affairs.



3. M Clemenceau says that Luxembourg has requested to be given a hearing. Luxembourg is not an Allied Power (if a power at all) but neutral or possibly enemy. The present Government in Luxembourg has not been officially recognized. He thinks that Luxembourg need not be heard for the time being. It is agreed that Luxembourg will not be given a hearing.


4. M Clemenceau says that Marshal Foch has submitted a Report of financial rather than military interest on the subject of the cost of maintaining the Allied Army of occupation in Germany. As this report has only just been distributed, it cannot be advantageously discussed immediately, but would be referred to the Finance Committee or put on the Agenda of a future meeting.It is agreed to postpone discussion of this report.


5. M Clemenceau says that he has received a proposal from the American Delegation requiring that the Commissions and Committees should attach to their Reports, to be handed in on the 8th or 15th March special drafting for such articles as were to find a place in the preliminary Peace Treaty. He suggests that examination of this proposal, which he understood was due to Mr Lansing, should be postponed to the meeting on Thursday, March 6th. This is agreed to.


6. M Jules Gambon delivers a report on the request by the Powers With Special Interests for increased representation on the Economic and Financial Councils. At a meeting of the Delegations of the Smaller Powers on Monday, March 3rd, Senhor Epitacio Pessoa of Brazil, represented the Small Powers in demanding 10 Delegates rather than 5 to the Economic and Financial Councils. This is not directed against the Great Powers but against perceived privileged treatment for the European Small Powers.

Mr House says it is his view that the original allowance of 5 Delegates should be maintained. Mr Lansing objects that some of the listed Powers - Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru - had never even declared war on Germany. Cuba and Nicaragua had both declared war, but were not listed among the ten Nations to be represented on the two Councils.

It is decided that the Small Powers should be restricted to the 5 total Representatives to each Council originally stated.


7. M Clemenceau raises the subject of supplying food to the former Austro-Hungarian Nations separately from Germany. After a lengthy discussion on how the food is to be paid for, delivered, and protected, it is decided to put of finalizing the plans until a later meeting.


8. Marshal Foch brings up a request from Germany that German troops be allowed to assist Poland in the struggle against Russian Bolshevism. This is put off for a later meeting.


9. General Jvoznenovitch of Montenegro reads a lengthy statement detailing Montenegro's history and its recognition by the Allied Councils. The General's purpose is to deny rumors that Montenegro wishes to become part of Serbia. Nothing could be further from the truth. Montenegro's desire is to be recognized as an Independent Nation and to take full part in the Peace Conference and the League of Nations. Their wish is to have all Serbian troops removed from their country immediately.

M Clemenceau thanks the Montenegrin Delegation, which then withdraws from the chambers. No decision is taken as to when discussions on this matter will begin, and the meeting is adjourned.

[Jimbuna]

6th March 1919

Aftermath of War

Britain: Naval Estimates (£149,200,000) published.

Romanian losses published.

Soldiers laying telephone cables through the streets of Paris to the hotel President Wilson will be staying at for the Peace Conference.


Canadian troops at Kinmel Park in Wales mutiny and riot due to delays in repatriating them back to Canada. Five Canadians are killed in the ensuing clash with loyal troops. Aftermath of the riot.


American enlisted men assembling at Knotty Ash camp near Liverpool for registration and assignment to English universities, 6 March 1919.


Latvian War of Independence. After Soviet attack most of Latvia is under control of the Bolsheviks (pink).


Ship Losses:

Ejdern (Sweden) The steam trawler, fishing northwest of Skagen in Denmark, sank with the loss of her entire crew of 10, apparently after striking a mine, which is considered proven by state of wreckage found on the Swedish coast.

[Sailor Steve]

Thursday, March 6, 1919

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
Day 37

M Pichon's hotel suite, Quai d’Orsay, 15:00


1. Mr House hands in the Draft Resolution of Instructions for the Commissions and Committees whose reports are due on March 8th and 15th.


2. Mr Lloyd George announces that he has just received a telephone call from Spa telling him that negotiations relating to the supply of food and stores to Germany and the surrender of merchant ships by Germany has broken off. Germany has refused to surrender any ships until a firm guarantee of food supply has been received. The Allied Delegates refused to accept this demand and will report directly to the Council tomorrow.


3. Marshal Foch reports that he has assembled the combined military, naval and aerial experts to work together as instructed on March 3rd. This leads to a long discussion on the subject of how Germany's ability to wage war is to be restricted while still allowing them to maintain a 200,000-man army. Marshal Foch says that his plan is to let Germany recruit that many men every year but only allow them to serve one year. Mr Lloyd George says that with this plan Germany would have two million men trained for war in ten years. Mr Lansing points out that there are already two or three million trained soldiers in Germany, which makes the question not one of men but of disarmament. The solution is to make sure Germany surrenders the specified arms and armament.

Mr Lloyd George says that this will still lead to Germany's army increasing by 200,000 men every year, so that in twenty years they might muster four million men. It is his opinion that Germany must not be allowed to have a larger army than Britain.

Marshal Foch points out that this was the plan the combined military experts had come up with, and they were all agreed it is the best plan. Mr Lloyd George responds that this is not just a military question, but also a political one, and that heads of government should be able to express their views. M Clemenceau agrees, and states that the subject should be postponed until the British Delegates are able to prepare their own counter-proposal.


4. M Leygues brings up a subject that has been a sticking-point for the French, which is what is to be done with surrendered German warships. The Naval Clause contains the understanding that Germany will hand over warships only if they are subsequently broken up. M Leygues feels that German must by told to hand over ships. What is done with them is the Allies' business alone. This leads to another lengthy discussion concerning the various clauses of the Naval Disarmament plans. By the end of the Meeting most of the clauses have been agreed upon, with some reservations to be discussed later.

[Jimbuna]

7th March 1919

American soldiers participating in the Siberian Intervention against the Bolsheviks making use of sled pulled by reindeer at Archangelsk.


Family members await the return of American soldiers of the 27th Division from Europe.


Ship Losses:

HNoMS Thor (Royal Norwegian Navy) The monitor ran aground in the Skagerrak off Verdens Ende, Norway, and sank with the loss of two lives.

[Sailor Steve]

Friday, March 7, 1919

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
Day 38

M Pichon's hotel suite, Quai d’Orsay, 15:00


1. M Clemenceau opens the meeting with the announcement that the Report of Belgian Commission on the Treaties of 1839 has been received. There had been several questions involving this old treaty and its influence on current discussions and negotiations. It iss decided that this should be circulated among the Council members.


2. Lord Robert Cecil informs the council that Admiral Hope has returned from Spa to verify that the information is true; negotiations over the surrender of German merchant ships has broken down entirely. The Germans refuse to hand over the ships until a finalized program of food deliveries has been arranged. The German delegates say they are willing to hand over a certain number of ships in exchange for an equal percentage of food deliveries, and to continue in that fashion until all the promised food has been delivered and all the ships handed over.

Earlier in the day the Supreme Economic Council had met, concluding that Germany handing over the merchant ships was part of the Armistice agreement, but then so was the food to be supplied by the Allies. Lord Cecil says that the British and American delegates are already agreed on this, but the French and Italian delegates would like to see this in writing before agreeing to it. He recommends a day's delay for the Supreme Economic Council to finalize its proposals.

M Clemenceau asks Lord Cecil if he can give an outline of the proposed resolutions. Lord Cecil replies that the Council had only broken up at 14:15 so it was impossible to deliver the texts yet. The first clause is that Germany must surrender the ships. The second clause is that the Allies will supply 270,000 tons of food as soon as Germany shows some sign that they will actually comply with the Armistice terms. A third clause, covering the final arrangements for supplying food to Germany, has not yet been concluded, and until it is the French and Italian delegates say they need to consult their own governments before they can commit to it.

This discussion is postponed until the following day.


3. Mr Lansing proposes the creation of a Commission to investigate the question of German-owned underwater telegraph cables, specifically whether a Nation which has captured such cables has the legal right to keep them as reparations. Mr Balfour says his only objection is the use of words "legal" and "legally" in this context, since there is no International Law yet in place which covers this question. Mr Lansing agrees to alter the text to eliminate the use of the word "legally".

Baron Makino asks whether, if it is decided that it is not legitimate to keep the cables, should they be returned to Germany? M Clemenceau replies that this decision is the responsibility of the Council. Baron Sonnino says the text refers specifically to cables which were cut or captured during the war due to Naval operations. Mr Lansing says that unless the cables were taken from the enemy they cannot be returned.

The proposal is accepted with the changes, specifically the elimination of the word "legally", and the members are appointed by their countries.


4. Mr Lansing invites Mr Hoover to make a statement about the supply of food to Austria and the Italian blockade of Lubiana. There follows a lengthy discussion on this subject, with many members offering opinions on the question.

Finally the question has to be postponed and the meeting is adjourned.


Note: The junior member of the Japanese Military Representation is one Captain Isoroku Yamamoto. One of the American negotiators for the Military discussions is future President Herbert Hoover.

[Jimbuna]

8th March 1919

Aftermath of War

Zaghlul Pasha, Ismail P. Sidki, Mohammed P. Mahmud and Hamed P. Basil depart from Egypt.

British authorities arrest Egyptian statesman Saad Zaghloul for his demands that Britain recognize the independence of Egypt. Zaghloul is then exiled to Malta.


Dogs pulling French trench artillery.


A French machine gunner at his post on the Rhine near Düsseldorf, occupied Germany.

[Sailor Steve]

Saturday, March 8, 1919

PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
Day 39

M Pichon's hotel suite, Quai d’Orsay, 15:00


1. On February 24th the Inter-Allied Blockade Council had passed a resolution removing the blockade of the Adriatic Sea. M Clementel, representing that organization, asks that the Conference approve this Resolution. Baron Sonnino asks whether the Resolution refers only to the commercial blockade of the Adriatic. Mr Lansing confirms this. It was agreed that the commercial blockade of the Adriatic should forthwith be raised.


2. Four Generals are appointed to travel to Laibach (modern Ljubljana), Slovenia to look into incidents which took place on February 12th, when men in Serbian uniforms fired on a train carrying Italian refugees through Saloch (modern Zalog), and on February 20th. They are to travel by train via Italy.


3. M Tardieu, speaking for the Commission on Belgian Affairs, says that his Commission has finished their study of the Treaties of 1839 and finds that those Treaties are in need of revision in order to meet guarantees made to Belgium by the Peace Conference. The report is accepted by the Conference.


4. M Jules Gambon reports on a Meeting of the Small Powers to elect Delegates to the Financial Commission. M Gambon reports that the South American Powers have appropriated four of the five seats, limiting the Small European Powers to one seat, which went to Portugal. The other Small European Powers had walked out of the Meeting in protest, and refused to take part in future elections.

M Clemenceau called it unjust that the South American Powers, who had sacrificed nothing during the war, garnered all the representation, while Powers who had sacrificed much had no representation at all.

Mr House proposes a fractional voting system in which of the European Small Powers receives a representative. Mr Balfour says that this concept is new to him.

M Pichon proposes a doctrine that States which had broken off relations with the Central Powers but had not taken an actual part in the War could not be represented to the exclusion of States which had taken an active role in the fighting.

Baron Sonnino asks if a distinction could be made between Powers entitled to a Vote and those who are merely allowed to attend meetings.

M Pichon says there is a difference between Powers with a General Interest in the proceedings and those with a Special Interest. He asks how a Commission could decide what reparations Germany must pay without Belgium and Poland having a say in the matter.

It is finally agreed that M Pichon should write a Draft Proposal consolidating the matters concerning Delegates to Economic Commissions, to be submitted at Monday's meeting.


5. Sir Robert Cecil reports that the Supreme Economic Council has been considering the problems created by the breakdown of negotiations at Spa. He states that they have concluded that the handing over of German ships and the supply of food to Germany are two unrelated matters. The original Armistice of November 11, 1918, states that “The Allies and the United States contemplate the provisioning of Germany during the Armistice, as shall be found necessary”, while the Revised Armistice of January 16, 1919 says “In order to assure the provisioning of Germany and the rest of Europe, the German Government shall take all necessary steps to place the German Merchant Fleet for the duration of the Armistice, under the control and power of the Allied flags and the United States, who shall be assisted by a German Delegate. This arrangement shall in no wise affect the final disposal of such vessels”. Sir Robert adds that they must consider the possibility of Germany drifting into Bolshevism if the food is not supplied.

The Supreme Economic Council proposes that a message be sent to Germany:

1) The merchant ships must be handed over immediately, as agreed.

2) As soon as the ships are handed over, the food will be sent to Germany via those same ships.


3) Germany may import up to 300,000 tons of bread and 70,000 tons of fats per month, until September.


4) This may be paid for in a number of ways, including the hiring out of the ships.


5) Germany may export commodities to a number of agreed-upon destinations, provided the money earned be used to pay for the imported foodstuffs.


6) A listed amount of the shipping handed over will be used for the importation of food until the next harvest.


7) Germany may also purchase food from neutral nations, within pre-determined limits.


8) This communication will become null and void if hostilities are resumed.

The French Delegates raise an objection. The English version of the message implies that once food supply is started it will not be cut off except for a renewal of hostilities. The objection is that food supplies might alos be cut off when the Armistice expires.

The more this is discussed the more objections are raised. Every Delegate to the Peace Conference points out flaws that cause more arguments. Mr Lloyd George makes an impassioned speech referring to earlier discussions which always came back to the promise of Germany being fed. It is his feeling that the bottom line is that if Germany starts to starve the people will run riot, and open revolution will ensue. M Clemenceau remarks that Mr Lloyd George's beliefs are far from the truth, and that in neither Armistice was a promise made. Mr Balfour says that the wording is "almost a promise".

M Clemenceau replies that it doesn't matter, since he is ready to give the food, promise or not. He believes the Germans are using the threat of Bolshevism as a bogeyman to frighten the Allies. If the Germans are starving, why do they keep refusing to surrender their merchant fleet? They don't seem to be in any hurry. In his opinion the Germans were trying to see how far they could go in attempting to blackmail the Allies.

M Clemenceau then reads a telegram he has received from the French Naval Attaché in London, to the effect that the Armistice Commission has proposed that the Germans be given three days to hand over the merchant fleet or the blockade will be fully resumed, with no shipping allowed to enter or leave German ports.

This leads to an argument which lasts for some time before the final draft of a message to the Germans is prepared, which differs from the earlier drafts only in the details. A meeting is planned to take place in Brussels, and the Council meeting is adjourned.

[Jimbuna]

9th March 1919

Aftermath of War

Riots in Cairo, 9-11 March.

Attempted assassination of M. Trotsky.

Graves of a hundred American soldiers who died at Paignton Military Hospital in Devon, England due to the Spanish Flu.


Girl students of Smith College doing relief work in France enjoy a ride on a Renault FT-17 tank.


Armenian refugees who just arrived in New York City.


American troops receiving training in gas warfare.