1915 1st (German) poison gas attack, against Russians.
1917 Germany notifies US that U-boats will attack neutral merchant ships.
1918 A series of accidental collisions on a misty Scottish night leads to the loss of two Royal Navy submarines with over a hundred lives, and damage to another five British warships.
1933 Adolf Hitler promises parliamentary democracy.
1943 Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus surrenders to Soviet troops at Stalingrad.
1950 US President Harry Truman publicly announces support for the development of a hydrogen bomb.
1985 South African President P. W. Botha offers to free Nelson Mandela if he denounces violence.
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