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Originally Posted by Sailor Steve
BUT...at extreme angles I think reflection kills clarity. I don't think the bow of the sub could be seen like that from the periscope. It's a tough question, since I guess it's one or the other. Clear so you can see the cool sights in external views, or not clear so the periscope doesn't become a magic mirror, seeing all and knowing all?
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Yes, but not quite. If you are directly above the water, then you will see all of the things below, depending on the clarity of the water. As your eye moves from directly above to hozinon and the angle on the water's surface increase, so does the distortion due to refraction and also the amount of reflection incresases, along with a decrease in the amount of light being refracted.
A certain portion of light passes through the water and into the air and a certain portion is reflected back under the water. The steeper the angle, the more light is reflected from the boundary between air and water.
At a certain angle, the light from beneath the water will no longer be refracted through the water to the air and will instead be in total internal refraction, which is where none of the light rays at a steep angle can make it through the boundary layer between water and air and all of the light gets bent back down.
Conversely, the steeper the angle above water, the more light is reflected to your eye from whatever objects there are above the surface. The reflections are blended with the refractions to give a realistic water shader, based on fresnel calculations (calculations about what level of refraction or reflection is taking placed, given the angle of the water and the angle of the eye (camera)).
These things are modelled in SH4, but how well, nobody knows!