There is the steep angles that cause deflections without triggering the firing pin. Next there is the problem with short distances, causing the torpedo to hit before they armed. Lasting. American torpedoes, while wanting to hit really close to 90 deg as possible, had trouble with hitting at exactly 90 deg. It would shatter the firing mechanism without setting off the torpedo. Optimum angles were something between 88 deg and 75 deg. Outside this works too, but this is better for a sure hit. When I was playing with manual targeting off, I always had torpedoes bouncing off because I was hitting them at 90 deg exactly. Now that I use manual firing solutions and the Dick O'Kane method I get less duds and more sunks.
With Dick O'Kane method I am always facing 90 deg to the targets course and firing from around 700yrds. The most I need to worry about is not being too close to the target, and not being too fast on the shot.
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