I'm not overly sure of the physics used in the game; and scale from your excellent screenshot is difficult, but it looks as though the DC exploded at least 7 or 8 metres behind you, perhaps more If that's so, what you describe is perfectly accurate. You would have been shaken and perhaps sustained a few minor leaks ( mainly glands at the aft of the boat ) but no real damage. I have to say, though, that you were lucky. A few metres closer and you would have been in real trouble.
Depth-charges had to explode very close ( 4 to 5 metres, or less ) to cause real damage. The surrounding water carried the pressure wave, but also had a damping effect. Add to that the fact that subs were built very robustly. They had to handle heavy seas for days, or even weeks, on end - and that includes the screws and steering gear. It's easy to understand why DC's accounted for comparatively few "kills" Aircraft with bombs and armour-piercing cannon shells, rockets etc. were a bigger threat.
I believe that most subs which fell victim to DCs did so only after prolonged and sustained DC attacks, rather than a single "hit". They finally succumbed to that direct hit, or, more likely, were "battered to death" t so that all that "minor" damage accumulated to progressively weaken the boat. Then the water pressure which dampened the force of the explosions worked against the sub until the flooding became uncontrollable.
If Bungo Pete, for example, had managed to drop several more to exlode in the same position as your near-miss, the damage would have been cumulative, but again, mainly ever-worsening leaks and failed welds, or seams.
It's a sobering thought that for the majority of men lost in submarines - from all sides - death did not come quickly, or suddenly.
Count your blessings - and stay away from the Bungo Straits