At that range you don't have any depth perception, so if you could see the splashes, you could maybe say they were short or they were long, if they were directly in line with the target, but you wouldn't be able to say by how much. Submarine skippers saw some of their torpedoes exploding and it looked like they were hitting, but in fact they were exploding before they reached the target.
As JoeCorrado says, spotter planes could be used for longe range and also the radar manual talks about using radar to measure the range of shell splashes.
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