I'll throw in my two cents for good measure. These results are based purely on my subjective experience of "vanilla" SHIII.
a) no wind + bright day = being spotted at pd by dd's and merchants alike. Have never been spotted by planes.
b) light wind + bright day = being spotted at pd when within 200 meters of enemy vessel.
c) Rough seas = if anything will give you away it will be your conning tower. Set your depth about 2-3 meters below pd. I have never been detected by enemy dd's at this depth on rough seas; even at 6 nots.
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