My understanding is this:
The weapon has a range of damage it can do, randomly picked between minEF, and maxEF (for a stock DC, 170 and 230).
The weapon has 2 ranges, MinRadius, and MaxRadius. from distance = 0 to MinRadius the blast does 100% of the damage randomly selected (a number between 170 and 230 for stock DCs). From MinRadius to MaxRadius, the blast decreases to 0 at MaxRadius.
So a DC explodes and does 200 damage out to 4.5m (stock), and from 4.5 to 40m (stock) it reduces to 0. For example at 39m it barely does anything, while at 20m it likely does around 100 damage in this example.
In RL, closer was considered better. In the case of hedgehogs, they were contact devices, so they could have smaller warheads and still be effective. The bottom line is that inside some radius (not sure what), even a 100kg Type 95 should be nearly 100% fatal to the sub.
The shockwave (concussion) is important in the case of DCs since water transmits them so well. Water is only very slightly compressible (max density at 4 degrees C). Being too close isn't really an issue, the goal is to impart energy to the target.
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