The closer you are, the more degrees of offset you want, because the torpedoes won't have enough running time to spread out very widely. It would be nice if someone made a table (ahem!) showing degrees of spread and the distance between torps at ranges of 500,1000,1500,2000,etc yards.
If there are relatively few escorts in the convoy and you have a full load of fish, I'd suggest trying to take down the escorts if possible- they often only take one torpedo to sink and if you wipe them all out, the convoy is easy pickings. If I don't think that is possible, usually I go after 3 smaller ships and fire two torpedoes at each. On average only one sinks right away, but usually 1 or 2 others are crippled at the least, and all the commotion makes more ships easy targets for me to turn around and fire my stern torpedoes.
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