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However, I've noticed my solutions are much more successfull at 400-500m than 1000m, and am beginning to think I'm doing something wrong and getting lucky at close range because the error is not compounded as much.
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No that's perfectly correct and it is what happened in real life. Shooting closer is the best way of minimizing any errors, and german Kaleuns mostly fired under 1000 metres if possible. Some very skilled ones like Gunter Hessler however became famous for being able to shoot at very long ranges (Up to 2000 metres) and with deadly accurancy, but those were exceptions.
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1. Prior to "locking in" the firing solution, I understand you should center the periscope/UZO on 000/180 then set the gyro angle (dial on the left of the TDC) to 000/180 also.
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You set the AOB, not the gyro angle. The TDC was specifically created in real life exactly for making an automated calculation or the gyro angle.
The bearing dial will always move the AOB together with it, but the AOB dial will not move the bearing dial. Thus you must ensure that at 0 bearing the AOB of the enemy is 90 degrees in the dial, and then you can move the bearing left or right to seek the target -it will update the AOB as already mentioned-. Of course this works only if your course and the target's course are exactly perpendicular (90º).
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2. What if I want to "lead" the target, i.e. shoot before he's perpendicular so the torpedoes arrive when he is perpendicular? Do I set the scope/UZO to the desired bearing and then set the gyro angle to that same angle (as well as adjust the AOB to whatever AOB the target would be when I fire)? For example, if the target is passing left to right, I would set the scope to 350 and the gyro angle to 350, then fire when the desired part of the target passes through the center of the scope.
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Asuming you are on a course 90º to the target's course, you set up the TDC as follows:
1.- Bearing dial to zero
2.- AOB dial to 90º port or starbord, depending on which side of the target you are
3.- Target Speed
Then you just go to the scope or UZO and move it until you find your target. The AOB will be automatically updated, no need to do anything else than choose the bearing at which you want to fire and wait until the target passes thorugh your crosshair. HINT: If you have a good firing solution (Speed mostly) you can wait until the desired part of the ship goes through the crosshair (F.e. engines under the stack) to fire, so the torpedo will hit there.
Hope that helps