Because of their low design, it was very difficult for the kaleuns to gather Fire Contol Data on escorts. Attacking other surfaced submarines likewise for the same reason.
Close range for a uboat was under 1000m.
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U.Kdt.Hdb B. I. 28) This possibility of using the hydrophone to help in detecting surface ships should, however, be restricted to those cases where the submarine is unavoidably compelled to stay below the surface.
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