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The Executive Officer is second in command. His chief duties involve being the "go-to", the officer who is charge of running everything, including consulting with other officers and making up the watch bills.
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I know you know this, but it's important to point out that there are two "hats" (at least) for every officer and crewman. They have a division/admin role and they have a watchstanding or battlestations role.
The XO is 2nd in command, does all the admin, etc., but he doesn't stand watches and his battlestation can vary. In some boats, like Wahoo, the XO was the Approach Officer. That's a role, not a fixed title by rank or position.
The XO normally just signs off on watch bills the COB draws up. It's a perq of being COB and the source of a lot of his leverage with the crew. A wise XO knows this.
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Yes, the Chief Of the Boat is the senior enlisted man, and usually a Chief Bosun's Mate (oddly the US navy doesn't use the actual title of Bosun, or Boatswain as originally spelled by the British).
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Modern subs don't carry the BM rate, and I don't think WWII boats did either. There's no running rigging, small boats, no painting at sea, etc. COBs can be of any rate, but normally were either TMs or enginemen. They had to have good deckplate leadership skills, be able to relate to knuckledraggers, and often leaned on physical size and muscles to do their jobs.
The USN uses the title of "Bosun" for Warrant Officers in the boatswain specialty. I had one as an NJROTC instructor in the early 1970s. He'd started as a BM striker off Okinawa in 1945. His can took two kamikazis, including one that went through the superstructure and wiped out the wardroom and all but three officers.
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Ensign ENS
Lieutenant (Junior Grade) LT(jg)
Lieutenant LT
Lieutenant Commander LCDR
Commander (Commodore) CDR
Rear Admiral RADM
Vice Admiral VADM
Admiral ADM
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I hope you misquoted that, or that site is very wrong.
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I loooked at it and it has a number of errors.