Not during peacetime, no. But the American Merchant Marine, as an example, comes directly under military authority in time of declared war. I suppose it's a bit ambiguous, although it might be more straightforward in Hirihito's Japan.
I dunno. I did, indeed, hop on JSTOR, but I got sidetracked by an article on the impact of the Vichy Navy on the course of the war. Interesting stuff, I'm reading it now.
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