The answer is yes an no.
The game's limited sound model and your lack of training prohibit you from doing it. You can force the issue by asking your sonarman to report on the nearest target, and he'll tell you wether it's in close, medium or long range.
Close is within 1 km
Medium is more than 1 km but less than 3km
Long is more than 3km but probably less than 15km
If he reports "no contact" even though YOU can hear it, then that means that the target is probably farther than 15 km but less than 32 km.
You can cheat a bit by paying attention to the exact moment when it changes from long to medium or from medium to close, at wich point you'll now the exact range.
Maybe this will help
http://www.subsim.com/radioroom/showthread.php?t=92743