[Sailor Steve]

PREAMBLE

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE BRITISH EMPIRE, FRANCE, ITALY and JAPAN,

These Powers being described in the present Treaty as the Principal Allied and Associated Powers,

BELGIUM, BOLIVIA, BRAZIL, CHINA, CUBA, ECUADOR, GREECE, GUATEMALA, HAITI, THE HEDJAZ, HONDURAS, LIBERIA, NICARAGUA, PANAMA, PERU, POLAND, PORTUGAL, ROMANIA THE SERB-CROAT-SLOVENE STATE, SIAM, CZECHOSLOVAKIA and URUGUAY,

These Powers constituting with the Principal Powers mentioned above the Allied and Associated Powers,

of the one part;

And GERMANY,

of the other part;

For this purpose the HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES represented as follows:

THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, by:
The Honorable Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States, acting in his own name and by his own proper authority;
The Honorable Robert Lansing, Secretary of State;
The Honorable Henry White, formerly Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States at Rome and Paris;
The Honorable Edward M. House;
General Tasker H. Bliss, Military Representative of the United States on the Supreme War Council;

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND AND OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND THE SEAS, EMPEROR OF INDIA, by:
The Right Honourable David Lloyd George, M.P., First Lord of His Treasury and Prime Minister;
The Right Honourable Andrew Bonar Law, M.P., His Lord Privy Seal;
The Right Honourable Viscount Milner, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., His Secretary of State for the Colonies;
The Right Honourable Arthur James Balfour, O.M., M.P., His Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs;
The Right Honourable George Nicoll Barnes, M.P., Minister without portfolio;

The DOMINION of CANADA, by:
The Honourable Charles Joseph Doherty, Minister of Justice;
The Honourable Arthur Lewis Sifton, Minister of Customs;
The Right Honourable Sir Robert Laird Borden, G.C.M.G., Prime Minister;
The Right Honorable Sir George Eulas Foster, G.C.M.G., Minister of Trade and

The COMMONWEALTH of AUSTRALIA, by:
The Right Honourable William Morris Hughes, Attorney General and Prime Minister;
The Right Honourable Sir Joseph Cook, G.C.M.G., Minister for the Navy;

The UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA, by:
General the Right Honourable Louis Botha, Minister of Native Affairs and Prime Minister;
Lieutenant-General the Right Honourable Jan Christian Smuts, K. C., Minister of Defence;

The DOMINION of NEW ZEALAND, by:
The Right Honourable William Ferguson Massey, Minister of Labour and Prime Minister;

INDIA, by:
The Right Honourable Edwin Samuel Montagu, M.P., His Secretary of State for India;
Major-General His Highness Maharaja Sir Ganga Singh Bahadur, Maharaja of Bikaner, G.C.S.I., G.C.I.E., G.C.V.O., K.C.B., A.D.C.;


THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, by:
Monsieur Georges Clemenceau, President of the Council, Minister of War;
Monsieur Stephen Pichon, Minister for Foreign Affairs;
Monsieur Louis-Lucien Klotz, Minister of Finance;
Monsieur André Tardieu, Commissary General for Franco-American Military Affairs;
Monsieur Jules Cambon, Ambassador of France;

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF ITALY, by:
Signor Sidney Costantino, Baron Sonnino, Deputy;
Marquis Guglielmo Imperiali, Senator, Ambassador of His Majesty the King of Italy at London;
Signor Silvio Benigno Crespi, Deputy;

Original Delegation from ITALY:
Signor Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, President of the Council of Ministers;
Baron Sidney Sonnino, Minister of Foreign Affairs;
Marquis Giuseppe Salvago Raggi, Senator of the Kingdom, formerly Ambassador of His Majesty the King of Italy at Paris;
Signor Antonio Salandra, Deputy, formerly President of the Council of Ministers;
Signor Salvatore Barzilai, Deputy, formerly Minister;

HIS MAJESTY THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN, by:
Marquis Saionji Kinmochi, formerly President of the Council of Ministers;
Baron Makino Nobuaki, formerly Minister for Foreign Affairs, Member of the Diplomatic Council;
Viscount Chinda Sutemi, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of H. M. the Emperor of Japan at London;
Matsui Keishirō, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of H. M. the Emperor of Japan at Paris;
Ijūin Hikokichi, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of H. M. the Emperor of Japan at Rome;

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE BELGIANS, by:
Monsieur Paul Hymans, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Minister of State;
Monsieur Jules van den Heuvel, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Minister of State;
Monsieur Emile Vandervelde, Minister of Justice, Minister of State;

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BOLIVIA, by:
Señor Ismael Montes, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Bolivia at Paris;

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF BRAZIL, by:
Senhor João Pandià Calogeras, Deputy, formerly Minister of Finance;
Senhor Raul Fernandes, Deputy;
Senhor Rodrigo Octavio de L. Menezes, Professor of International Law at Rio de Janeiro;

Original Brazilian Delegation:
Senhor Epitacio Pessoa, formerly Minister of State, formerly Member of the Supreme Court of Justice, Federal Senator;
Senhor Pandià Calogeras, Deputy, formerly Minister of Finance;
Senhor Raul Fernandes;

THE PRESIDENT OF THE CHINESE REPUBLIC, by:
Lou Tseng-Tsiang, Minister for Foreign Affairs;
Chengting Thomas Wang, formerly Minister of Agriculture and Commerce;

China did not sign this treaty because it was unwilling to accept articles 156–58 relating to Shantung. Separate agreements regarding the restoration of the state of peace were concluded between China and Germany on May 20, 1921 by reason of the fact that China did not ratify the Treaty of Peace. The main agreement, which entered into force on July 1, 1921, took the form of a German declaration pointing out that Germany had been obliged to renounce all its rights, titles, and privileges in China by this treaty, and included German consent to the abrogation of consular jurisdiction in China.

THE PRESIDENT OF THE CUBAN REPUBLIC, by:
Señor Antonio Sànchez de Bustamante, Dean of the Faculty of Law in the University of Havana, President of the Cuban Society of International Law;

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR, by:
Señor Enrique Dorn y de Alsúa, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Ecuador at Paris;

Ecuador did not ratify the treaty of peace.

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HELLENES, by:
Kyrios (Mister) Eleftherios K. Venisélos, President of the Council of Ministers;
Kyrios Nicolas Politis, Minister for Foreign Affairs;

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA, by:
Señor Joaquin Méndez, formerly Minister of State for Public Works and Public Instruction, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Guatemala at Washington, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary on special mission at Paris;

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF HAITI, by:
Monsieur Tertullien Guilbaud, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Haiti at Paris;

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HEDJAZ, by:
Rustem Haïdar;
Abdul Hadi Aouni;

The Hedjaz did not ratify the treaty of peace.

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF HONDURAS, by:
Doctor Policarpo Bonilla, on special mission to Washington, formerly President of the Republic of Honduras, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary;

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA, by:
The Honorable Charles Dunbar Burgess King, Secretary of State;

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NICARAGUA, by:
Señor Salvador Chamorro, President of the Chamber of Deputies;

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PANAMA, by:
Señor Antonio Burgos, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Panama at Madrid;

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF PERU, by:
Señor Carlos G. Candamo, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Peru at Paris;

THE PRESIDENT OF THE POLISH REPUBLIC, by:
Pan (Mister) Ignace Jan Paderewski, President of the Council of Ministers, Minister for Foreign Affairs;
Pan Roman Stanisław Dmowski, President of the Polish National Committee;

THE PRESIDENT OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC, by:
Doctor Affonso Augusto da Costa, formerly President of the Council of Ministers;
Doctor Augusto Luiz Vieira Soares, formerly Minister for Foreign Affairs;

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF ROMANIA, by:
Domnul (Mister) Ion I. C. Bratiano, President of the Council of Ministers, Minister for Foreign Affairs;
General Constantin Coanda, Corps Commander, A. D. C. to the King, formerly President of the Council of Ministers;

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE SERBS, THE CROATS, AND THE SLOVENES, by:
Gospodine (Mister) Nicolas P. Pachitch, formerly President of the Council of Ministers;
Gospodine Ante Trumbic, Minister for Foreign Affairs;
Gospodine Milenko Vesnitch, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of H. M. the King of the Serbs, the Croats and the Slovenes at Paris;

HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF SIAM, by:
His Highness Prince Charoon, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of H. M. the King of Siam at Paris;
His Serene Highness Prince Traidos Prabandhu, Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs;

THE PRESIDENT OF THE CZECHOSLOVAK REPUBLIC, by:
Pane (Mister) Karel Kramàř, President of the Council of Ministers;
Pane Eduard Beneš, Minister for Foreign Affairs;

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY, by:
Señor Juan Antonio Buero, Minister for Foreign Affairs, formerly Minister of Industry;

GERMANY, by:
Herr Hermann Müller, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Empire;
Doctor Johannes Bell, Minister of the Empire;

Original Delegation from Germany
Ulrich Karl Christian Graf (Count) von Brockdorff-Rantzau, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Empire;
Doctor Otto Landsberg, Minister of Justice of the Empire;
Herr Johannes Giesberts, Minister of Posts of the Empire;
Oberbürgermeister Leinert, President of the Prussian National Assembly;
Professor Doctor Walther Schücking;
Doctor Karl Melchior;

The German plenipotentiaries signed “in the name of the German Empire and of each and every component state” in the German Reich of 1871–1918. In 1914 Baden, Bavaria, Hesse-Darmstadt, Saxe-Coburg, Saxony, and Wurttemberg were in diplomatic relations with Great Britain and other states, while Bremen, Brunswick, Hamburg, Hesse, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, Saxe-Altenburg, and Saxe-Weimar were in diplomatic relations with Russia and some other states. Component states were not separately represented in the German delegation to the peace conference. The Treaty of Peace consequently favored the unification of Germany. It was not until the issuance of a decree of March 17, 1933 that the German states were completely deprived of their right to enter into foreign relations.

WHO having communicated their full powers found in good and clue form have AGREED AS FOLLOWS:

From the coming into force of the present Treaty the state of war will terminate. From that moment and subject to the provisions of this Treaty official relations with Germany, and with any of the German States, will be resumed by the Allied and Associated Powers.

The United States did not resume diplomatic relations with Austria, Germany, and Hungary until the entry into force of its treaties restoring friendly relations in 1921.

Bolivia severed diplomatic relations with Germany on April 18, 1917, and its ratification of the treaty of peace was included in the deposit of January 10, 1920, the procès-verbal of which brought the treaty into force. On July 20, 1921 Bolivia and Germany executed a protocol for the resumption of diplomatic relations. Such a special provision was not deemed necessary by the other states which ratified the treaty but had only severed diplomatic relations, namely, Uruguay, whose severance of relations with Germany extended from October 7, 1917 to November 8, 1920, and Peru, from October 8, 1917 to November 9, 1920. Ecuador severed relations on December 9, 1917 but did not ratify the treaty and resumed diplomatic relations with Germany only on July 28, 1923.