By diverting nearly all of their resources from everything else into the project, by stealing information from their allies and enemies, by searching on the internet (yes really).
When the first nation does it, it's difficult, by the time that the ninth does it, it's considerably easier. The amount of information available in both open source and secret files is much greater, which means there is a higher chance of obtaining it.
When you consider that your very survival is on the line, you'd be surprised what a nation can do.
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