Assuming I have radar, one of the tactics I have had success with when dealing with a formidable amount of escorts is to try and stay ahead of the convoy and wait for heavy rain or fog. Anything that will significantly reduce visibility on the surface. Once one of the former arrives two options present themselves.
1. Sit surfaced a decent distance from one edge of the convoy (at least 700 yards between you and the closest destroyer in my experience) and wait for the convoy to catch up. Compute a firing solution for as many ships as you want within range, and fire using radar while on the surface. Since you are surfaced, they can't detect you via hydrophone, and since visibility is poor, you can make a clean getaway on the surface. Even if you are forced to submerge for whatever reason, a storm will make conditions for sonar poor, meaning the destroyers will have some trouble targeting you.
2. For the more daring, if you can see a gap in the escort screen via radar, you can try to go through it and go for some really close range shots to improve your probability of hitting. The tough part is getting back OUT of the circle-of-death that is closing in on you.
Seeing as it's 1944, the escorts probably have some kind of radar detection equipment, so you'll need to be cautious with your radar usage.
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