That would be the "sub sunk" bouy. It was released from inside the pressure hull when a sub bottomed in shallow waters and could not get back to the surface, usually during training, all subs had them, though the type II was the only type that had it brightly disignated.
Those bright things on the kirsk, if I am recalling the ones I think you are refering to are actually the exit ports for venting radioactive steam from the power plant. Not nice areas to hook a rescue sub to, or walk near when at shore. These were also used in emergency times only.
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