It also helps to increase the eel maintenance capabilities of the torpedo man and the sound guy almost immediately at the start of the career; preheating eels to get a little bigger bang also helps. Premature detonations are reduced. Also critical is more emphasis on the deck gun to reduce eel usage and increase overall tonnage results. 1/3 of kills should be with the gun and to finish off cripples with only one eel expended per vessel. Convoys are a necessary evil but single vessels are preferred and safer. Donitz actually had to copy a captured British torpedo to give his Ubootwaffe something reliable to shoot as per Black May...so much for technology!
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