In heavy seas i tend to only use impact torps set at 2m. With that setting as long as the hit a mostly flat surface they almost never fail to go off. In heavy seas the magnetic torpedoes and ships change depth too much to be reliable, chances are it will either bounce off the underside of the hull, or run too deep to get triggered.
Also (im not sure if this is modeled or not) but early war the torpedos were sensitive to natural magnetic shifts found in the northern and arctic waters. This can account for your torpedoes blowing for no apparent reason.
Good rule of thumb when dealing with impact torpedoes, always set the depth and aim at the ship so the surface the torpedo hits is never less then 70 degrees in any direction, any more then that and it will likely bounce off the hull (basicly this meens shoot at the side of the ship, high enough so it doesnt hit the under curve of the keel)
With magnetics your best off trying to run them so the torpedo intercets at an angle, not straight to the side. this gives the torpedo more time to be under the ship, and thus more chance it will realise this and detonate. I usualy set my torps for -0.3m under the keel for clear weather, -0.5m for light seas (1-6 m/s wind), -1m for 7-10. -2m for anything higher then 10m/s (though i usualy use impacts at +11m/s winds)
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