Get to know your enemy. This comes with experience but if you play long enough at any realism setting, you will definitely become proficient in your attacks. Someone above states single torpedo kills are extremely rare. I personally have reached a point where single torpedo kills are the rule, not the exception on every ship. I have used this to improve my total tonnage per patrol (for example, I sank 5 battleships and one carrier in a single patrol at sea - not the sitting ducks in harbors).
Keel shots are more lethal and enable you to shoot at low angle on the bow. Every ship has weak spots to aim at. Get to know the sea states and how deep you need to set the torpedo to run. Don't engage escorts with torpedos unless it's for survival. Plan what ships you will attack and in what order. Have your escape route in mind before beginning the attack. Take advantage of the weather conditions; they help you more than the enemy when submerged.
scrapser
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