The observation periscope has a large head, which lets in a lot of light and is able to see further, as well as crank up to nearly 90 degrees to watch for aircraft. The bad part is that head is easy to sea, and leaves a large wake behind it which makes it even easier to spot.
The attack periscope is much more limited, but has a much smaller head, which makes it harder to see when the actual attack is being conducted.
Also, redundancy is always a good thing.
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