The 3-1 superiority rule of thumb comes from the concept that fortifications can increase a defenders combat effectiveness against an enemy who is attacking in the open. The specific term is "Force Multiplier". Technology can also be a force multiplier as can esprit de corps.
The 3-1 ratio *I think* comes from WW1 and is based upon the weaponry, armor and defensive structures of that time period. Obviously that will change as technology and training levels improve over time.
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Flanked by life and the funeral pyre. Putting on a show for you to see.
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