Man, that looks like some kind of guide to reading signs put up by natives or enemy forces somewhere in the Pacific theater... can't imagine what else it would be.
Wikipedia says the 8th Army was part of the Occupation force in Japan and prior to that was involved in clearing part of the Phillipines.
Makes sense then that they would be issued some kind of guide letting them know what those kanji meant if they were on signs indicating dangerous areas, landmines, etc.
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