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To get the speed via fixed line method (which, in my opinion, is the best way to go about doing it before you fire), you should let the ship pass across your 000 or your 180. Do not line your crosshairs up off of either of these numbers, as doing so makes the motion of your U-boat have a negative impact on the accuracy of the reading.
After doing this, yes, you need to then overhaul the enemy ship and get in front of it for a firing solution (assuming you want to shoot from an AOB of roughly 90.) This is how it was done in real life.
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If I were in a convoy, then, I would be changing my speed about every 5 minutes, to easily thwart this.
And, of course, this assumes that the sub, having watched its target sail by, can catch up with it again.
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Another method for gathering speed that was commonly used by the U-boat commanders was to simply steer a parallel course and match your speed so that the enemy ship stays on the same bearing (constant bearing method). If you are doing 6 knots on a parallel course and the enemy ship is staying at 72 degrees (for example) for a long time, then they are also doing 6 knots. If they move from 72 to 71, 70, 69... etc. they are going faster. Move your speed up and see if they stop moving. If they move from 72 to 73, 74, 75... you are moving faster than them. Slow down and try a lower speed.
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This is believable.
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If you look around, you can find joegrundman's tutorial for eyeballing the AOB of a ship. There are other ways to do it - mathematically, or with the attack disk (which comes in pretty handy - you can find it in the OLC GUI or in Hitman's upcoming [and totally amazing] GUI for GWX 3.0). However, the most common method in reality was to simply eyeball the AOB.
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Finding the exact AOB is easy. The ship shows up on my nav map as a little ship-shaped silhouette if you zoom in close enough. All I have to do is use the angle tool to find the angle on the bow precisely.
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Learn how to eyeball the AOB; it is the fastest method by far. Difficult to do from an extreme distance, but by the time you're close enough to shoot, you'll be able to tell easily. Second fastest method is the attack disk method.
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I can eyeball the AOB pretty easily. I'm usually within 5 degrees of what I plot on the map.
What is OLC?
Steve