5 nm rule is only a guide... I've been seen from up to 8 or 9! Totally depends on weather and water conditions.
I've even been seen submerged at periscope depth and DCed by planes. At first I was thinking, "yeah, wtf... that's BS" but after going to external cam and panning back and up (to get a bird's eye view) it was obvious that there was a sub in the water below the surface... the angle of the plane and the sunlight made all the difference, and I couldn't believe the game actually took that into account!!!
To answer your question, you really can't see them until it's too late. Sometimes in low light conditions you'll spot them first, but unfortunately I think the planes always have the advantage of first sight.
The problem isn't just direction either... you can be looking right down the right line and still not see them...that's because the radar doesn't indicate how HIGH the planes are. So I've been waiting and waiting at a specified angle for the planes to appear only to have bombs dropped on me from overhead as the zeros dive bomb from way up high over me.
So, there's no way to 'learn' to spot them...it's all luck and circumstances.
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