In my testing using the 16km Atmosphere mod:
Calm seas - 6000-7000m in clear visibility but I have been as close as 300m in fog so the visibility really has a lot mor to do with it thatn the sea state, although sea state is a factor.
Medium seas - about the same but occaisionally as close as 1500m depending on visibility.
Rough Seas - 2000m-1500m again closer if the visibility is worse.
At night in all sea states I've been able to get as close as 800m in clear visibility in all sea states, I don' normally get closer than that because I'm ususally shooting my torps and turning away by then anyway.
Remember all this depends on whether you are running surfaced at speed or slow decks awash, which is my recommended approach and what level of crew are aboard. A Veteran crewed merchant is more likely to spot you further away than a noob crewed merchant.
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