If the ship crosses your bow as you fire, the torpedoes will hit at a funny angle, and this may be causing your duds. You need 5° to 10° of lead to get the best angle, so the torpedo strikes with a good clean perpendicular strike.
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U.Kdt.Hdb B. I. 28) This possibility of using the hydrophone to help in detecting surface ships should, however, be restricted to those cases where the submarine is unavoidably compelled to stay below the surface.
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