1837 Queen Victoria is 1st monarch to live in present Buckingham Palace.

1923 The Hollywood Sign is officially dedicated in the hills above Hollywood, Los Angeles. It originally reads "Hollywoodland" but the four last letters are dropped after renovation in 1949

1955 The last execution of a woman in Britain, Ruth Ellis, takes place at Holloway Prison, London.

1972 A series of gun-battles and shootings erupt across Belfast between the Provisional Irish Republican Army and British Army soldiers.

1789 Bastille Day - the French Revolution begins with the storming of the Bastille Prison in Paris. Now celebrated as France's national day.

1795 The French National Convention decrees "La Marseillaise" by Claude-Joseph Rouget de Lisle France's national anthem.

1876 British battleship HMS Thunderer boiler explodes during full-power sea trial near Portsmouth, England; 45 sailors killed and 40 injured.

1945 Battleship USS South Dakota is 1st US ship to bombard Japan.

1952 American ocean liner SS United States crosses Atlantic Ocean, returning to New York in westward record time of 84 hours 12 minutes.

1959 USS Long Beach, first nuclear powered cruiser launched at Quincy, Massachusetts.

1969 A 67-year-old Catholic civilian dies after being attacked by RUC officers in Dungiven; many consider this the first death of 'the Troubles'

1969 The United States $500, $1,000, $5,000 and $10,000 bills are officially withdrawn from circulation.

1799 The Rosetta Stone is found in the Egyptian village of Rosetta by French Captain Pierre-François Bouchard during Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign.

1815 Napoleon surrenders to Captain Frederick Maitland of HMS Bellerophon at Rochefort after his earlier defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.

1915 The head of German propaganda in the US, Dr Heinrich Albert, loses his briefcase on a New York City subway; an examination of its content reveals extensive network of German espionage and subversion across the US

1973 Ray Davies announces his retirement from The Kinks, then attempts suicide; neither effort successful.

1912 Naval torpedo launched from an airplane patents by B A Fiske.

1940 Adolf Hitler orders preparations for the invasion of Britain (Operation Sealion)

1945 1st test detonation of an atomic bomb, Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico as part of the US Manhattan Project.

1945 Cruiser Indianapolis leaves San Francisco with atom bomb.

1946 US court martial sentences 46 members of the SS to death (Battle of Bulge crimes) in Dachau.

1969 Apollo 11 launched, carrying 1st men to land on Moon.

1983 Sikorsky S-61 disaster: A helicopter crashes off the Isles of Scilly, causing 20 fatalities in Britain's worst helicopter accident.

1990 Ukraine declares independence.

1917 Royal Proclamation by King George V changes name of British Royal family from German Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Windsor.

1918 The Romanov royal family and several of their retainers are executed by a Bolshevik firing squad in the basement of Ipatiev House, in Yekaterinburg, Siberia.

1942 Transport #6 departs Pithiviers, France with 928 French Jews sent to Aushwitz Concentration camp; 45 survive until the war's end.

1943 RAF bombs Germany rocket base Peenemunde.

1945 Leaders Harry Truman, Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill hold their first post World War II meeting at the Potsdam Conference.

1948 US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen encounters children in at Templehof Airport in Berlin during the Berlin Blockade, giving him the idea to drop candy in 'Operation Little Vittles'

1998 Russia buries Tsar Nicholas II and family, 80 years after they died.

2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 is shot down over Eastern Ukraine by a Buk surface-to-air missile launched from pro-Russian separatist-controlled territory, killing all 283 passengers and 15 crew on board.

64 Great Fire of Rome begins under the Emperor Nero.

1925 Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf, original title was the catchy "Four and a Half Years (of Struggle) Against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice"

1942 Test flight of German Messerschmitt Me-262 using only its jet engines for the first time.

1972 Leader of the British Labour Party Harold Wilson holds meeting with representatives of the Irish Republican Army.

1972 The 100th British soldier to die in the Northern Ireland "troubles" is shot by a sniper in Belfast.

2012 Kim Jong-un is officially appointed Supreme Leader of North Korea and given the rank of Marshal in the Korean People's Army.

2013 Detroit, Michigan, files for bankruptcy, becoming the largest US municipal bankruptcy ever at $18.5 billion.

1545 King Henry VIII's flagship Mary Rose sinks at Portsmouth; 73 die.

1843 Steamship SS Great Britain is launched, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, it is the first ocean-going craft with an iron hull or screw propeller and was the largest vessel afloat in the world at the time.

1918 German armies retreat across Marne River in France.

1919 Following Peace Day celebrations marking the end of World War I, ex-servicemen rioted and burnt down Luton Town Hall.

1940 Adolf Hitler orders Great Britain to surrender - they decline.

1941 1st US Army flying school for black cadets dedicated (Tuskegee, Alabama)

1941 British PM Winston Churchill launches his "V for Victory" campaign.

1944 Japanese aircraft carriers Taiho and Shokaku sink in Marianas.

1945 USS Cod saves 51 sailors from Dutch sub in only sub-to-sub rescue.

1957 1st rocket with nuclear warhead fired, Yucca Flat, Nevada.

On this day in 1969, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon. Art by Robert McCall.
https://i.ibb.co/dQjYDN3/IMG-0212.jpg

1881 Sioux Indian Chief Sitting Bull surrenders to US federal troops.

1914 Armed resistance against British rule begins in Ulster.

1941 The Guinea Pig Club forms, made of severely injured airmen treated by Archibald McIndoe at Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, England.

1944 Adolf Hitler survives an assassination attempt led by German army officer Claus Von Stauffenberg.

1944 Japanese aircraft carrier Hijo sunk by US air attack.

1960 1st submerged submarine to fire Polaris missile (George Washington)

1960 USSR recovers 2 dogs; 1st living organisms to return from space.

1969 Apollo 11 lunar module carrying Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin lands on the surface of the Moon. Seven hours later Armstrong becomes the first person to step on the moon at 10:56 p.m. EDT, Aldrin joins him shortly after. Michael Collins remains in orbit in the command module.

1976 US Viking 1 lands on Mars at Chryse Planitia, 1st Martian landing.

1873 Jesse James and James Younger gang's 1st train robbery at Adair, Iowa.

1915 Woodrow Wilson sends the third Lusitania note, warning Germany that future infringement of American rights will be deemed 'deliberately unfriendly'

1918 U-156 shells Nauset Beach, in Orleans, Massachusetts.

1920 Irish Nationalist and Loyalists engage in street fighting over the issue of Irish independence from Britain, though Loyalist are reinforced by 1500 British Auxiliaries and 5800 British troops.

1921 To prove his contention that air power is superior to sea power, US Colonel William Mitchell demonstrates how bombs from planes can sink a captured German battleship.

1941 Himmler orders building of Majdanek concentration camp just outside the Polish city of Lublin.

1944 Field Marshal Günther von Kluge warns Hitler of impending collapse of front in Normandy.

1949 US Senate ratifies North Atlantic Treaty by a vote of 82-13 (NATO)

1955 USS Seawolf launched, 1st submarine powered by liquid metal cooled nuclear reactor.

1959 1st nuclear powered merchant ship, NS Savannah, named, Camden NJ

1964 Last Dutch whaling ship Willem Barents Sea sold to Japan.

1940 Dutch Prime minister Dirk Jan De Geer meets Adolf Hitler seeking peace talks.

1942 300,000 Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto are sent to Treblinka Extermination Camp.

1972 2 Catholics are abducted, beaten, and shot dead in a Loyalist area of Belfast.

2002 Israel assassinates Salah Shahade, the Commander-in-Chief of Hamas's military arm, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, along with 14 civilians.

2011 Norway is the victim of twin terror attacks, a bomb blast targeting government buildings in central Oslo and a massacre at a youth camp on the island of Utøya.

1745 Charles Edward Stuart, "the Young Pretender" or Bonnie Prince Charlie, lands at Eriskay Island, Hebrides beginning the final Jacobite Rebellion.

1777 King Louis XVI of France and his Foreign Minister clandestinely agree to supply the United States with munitions during the American Revolution.

1942 Adolf Hitler's Directive number 45: order for army to advance on Stalingrad.

1971 The British Army carry out early morning raids across Northern Ireland and arrest 48 people.

1851 The long hated Window Tax is abolished in the United Kingdom.

1917 Trial of Dutch exotic dancer Mata Hari begins in Paris for allegedly spying for Germany and thus causing the deaths of 50,000 soldiers.

1943 Operation Gomorrah: RAF begins bombing Hamburg (till 3rd August), creating a firestorm and killing 42,600 people.

1945 Suicide attack by Japanese Kaiten manned torpedo sinks US Navy destroyer USS Underhill west of Guam; nearly half of the 234 crew was killed.

1969 At 12:51 EDT, Apollo 11 returns to Earth, after taking the first astronauts to the moon and returning them safely.

1797 Horatio Nelson loses more than 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife (Spain)

1814 Battle of Niagara Falls (Lundy's Lane), bloodiest battle of the War of 1812 ends in a stalemate between invading American army and Canadian and British forces.

1814 English engineer George Stephenson introduces his first steam locomotive, a travelling engine designed for hauling coal on the Killingworth wagonway named Blücher.

1943 1st warship named after an African American launched - USS Leonard Roy Harmon, a Buckley class destroyer.

1943 Benito Mussolini is dismissed as Italian Prime Minister and arrested on the authority of King Victor Emmanuel III

1944 1st jet fighter used in combat (Messerschmitt 262)

1944 World War II: Operation Spring - one of Canada's bloodiest days, 18,444 casualties and 5,021 killed.

1961 In a speech, US President John F. Kennedy emphasizes that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO

1963 US, Russia & Britain sign nuclear Test ban treaty.

1908 United States Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation)

1914 Britain attempts to organize a conference among major European powers to resolve dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia; France, Italy, and eventually Russia agree to participate. but Germany refuses.

1914 First Lord of the Admiralty (British Minister of Navy) Winston Churchill orders British fleet to remain in state of readiness as threat of war in Europe grows.

1914 Irish Volunteers unload a shipment of 1,500 rifles and 45,000 rounds of ammunition arrive from Germany aboard Erskine Childers' yacht the Asgard; British troops fire on jeering crowd on Bachelors Walk, Dublin, killing three citizens.

1944 The first German V-2 rocket hits Great Britain (nicknamed "gasometer").

1945 Physicist Raemer Schreiber and Lieutenant Colonel Peer de Silva depart Kirtland Army Air Field to transport the plutonium core for the Fat Man bomb (bombing of Nagasaki) to the island of Tinian where the bomb is assembled.

1945 US cruiser Indianapolis reaches Tinian with atom bomb.

1945 US, Britain and China demand the unconditional surrender of Japan during World War II in the Declaration of Potsdam.

1945 Winston Churchill resigns as Britain's Prime Minister after election defeat.