This date in history

[Jimbuna]

1939 Reinhard Heydrich meets in Berlin to discuss final solution of Jews.

1944 Last British paratroopers at bridge of Arnhem surrender.

1957 German sail training ship Pamir sails Atlantic Ocean.

1961 Maiden flight of the CH-47 Chinook transportation helicopter.

1979 Two RAF Hawker Siddeley Harrier jump-jets from RAF Wittering collide over Wisbech in Cambridgeshire. Both pilots eject safely, but three people killed and several injured when one of the aircraft destroys 3 dwellings.

[Jimbuna]

1914 German submarine U-9 sinks three British cruisers, the Aboukir, the Hogue and the Cressy, in just over one hour. 1,459 die.

1943 British X-class midget submarines attack Tirpitz.

1943 Destroyer HMS Itchen torpedoed and sinks.

1943 Destroyer HMS Keppel sinks U-229.

1950 Omar N Bradley promoted to rank of 5-star general.

1958 US nuclear submarine USS Skate remains 31 days under the North Pole.

1985 French Prime Minister Laurent Fabius appears on TV to confess "Agents of the DGSE sank this boat [Rainbow Warrior]. They acted on orders.”

1988 South Korean coaches attack NZ referee after disputing his decision, Olympic Korean boxer stages a 67 minute sit-in.

[Jimbuna]

1857 Russian warship Leffort disappears in a storm in the Gulf of Finland; 826 die.

1941 German air raid on Soviet naval base at Kronstadt (battleship Marat sinks)

1941 The first gas murder experiments are conducted at Auschwitz concentration camp.

1942 The 'Manhattan Project' commences, under the direction of US General Leslie Groves: its aim - to deliver an atomic bomb.

1950 US Air Force Mustangs accidentally bomb British on Hill 282 Korea, 17 killed.

[Aktungbby]

1805 Lieutenant Zebulon Pike pays $2,000 to buy from the Sioux a 9-square-mile tract at the mouth of the Minnesota River that will be used to establish a military post, Fort Snelling. ONE COULD CONSIDER THAT THE AMERICAN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT GOT ITS LEGAL START HERE:

Officer John Emerson purchased the slave Dred Scott in Saint Louis, Missouri, a slave state. He later worked and lived at Fort Snelling during much of the 1830s, having brought Dred and his wife Harriet Scott with him. Under the Missouri Compromise, slavery was prohibited in Minnesota Territory. When Emerson returned to Missouri with the Scotts, they sued for their freedom and that of their daughters, because they had been held illegally in a free territory. A longstanding precedent in freedom suits of "once free, always free" was overturned in this case.(Scott filed legal suit in St. Louis Circuit Court. Scott stood on solid legal ground, because Missouri precedent dating back to 1824 had held that slaves freed through prolonged residence in a free state would remain free when taken back to Missouri. The doctrine was known as "Once free, always free".)(The cases were combined under Dred Scott's name.) It was appealed to the United States Supreme court. In Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), Chief Justice Taney ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and that African Americans had no standing under the constitution, so could not sue for freedom. The decision increased sectional tensions between the North and South.

THREE YEARS LATER....THE CIVIL WAR STARTS IN EARNEST

[Mr Quatro]

I don't know what $2,000 was worth in today's dollars, but as close as I could get was 1914

$2,000 in 1914 equals $49,304.80 in 2018

[Jimbuna]

1940 Luftwaffe bombs Spitfire factory in Southampton.

1952 Dutch minister Dark sentences war criminal W Lages to death.

1960 USS Enterprise, first nuclear power aircraft carrier, launched.

[Jimbuna]

1878 British physician Dr. Charles Drysdale warns against the use of tobacco in a letter to The Times newspaper in one of the earliest public health announcements on the dangers of smoking.

1911 French battleship Liberte explodes at Toulon Harbour, 285 killed.

1915 Battle of Loos commenced, lasted until 14th October. Chlorine gas deployed by the British was blown back into their own trenches: 59,000 British & 26,000 German casualties.

1939 Andorra and Germany sign a treaty ending WW I, as Versailles Peace Treaty forgot to include Andorra.

1990 Saddam Hussein warns that US will repeat Vietnam experience.

[Aktungbby]

1957:

When they arrived for the first day of school on Sept. 4, 1957, the Arkansas National Guard turned them away at the direction of Gov. Orval Faubus.
Eisenhower attempted to persuade Faubus to allow the students to enter. On Sept. 23, the Little Rock police escorted the nine into the school amid 1,000 angry protesters. As riots ensued, the students were removed.
The next day, Eisenhower sent in 1,200 members of the 101st Airborne and placed them in charge of 10,000 National Guardsmen. Escorted by armed troops, the Little Rock Nine attended their first full day of classes on Sept. 25.
The students faced harassment and some violence throughout the year.The troops stayed for the duration.

RULE 1 OF STATES RIGHTS: WHEN THE (IDIOT) GOVERNOR OF A STATE ACTIVATES HIS NATIONAL GUARD, THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF (PRESIDENT) MAY ASSUME COMMAND AND CHANGE THE MISSION... On September 24, the President ordered the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army—without its black soldiers, who rejoined the division a month later—to Little Rock and federalized the entire 10,000-member Arkansas National Guard, taking it out of Faubus's control.The images of those children gazing straight ahead, clutching their books, protected from a shouting mob by armed GIs, are among the most iconic of the civil rights movement. THE THIS BEING A NAVAL FORUM: THE MISSION HAS COME FULL CIRCLE: The six women selected to sponsor the submarine USS Arkansas will find themselves surrounded by the Navy when they visit Newport News Shipbuilding as guests of honor. The Arkansas' sponsors are the women of the Little Rock Nine.
That will be quite a turnaround from the first time they stood among members of the U.S. military. The women are not due in Newport News for some time. Construction on the nuclear-powered attack submarine will begin in 2018, and the boat is scheduled to join the fleet in 2023. No dates have been set for its keel-laying and christening, ceremonies that mark construction milestones where sponsors play a formal role.
Navy Secretary Ray Mabus, who named the sponsors, said he always looks for people who contribute to the community in some way. Needing an example from the state of Arkansas, he didn't have to think very hard.
"The Little Rock Nine just jumped out," he said in a telephone interview. "Here were six women, three men, who as adolescents integrated Little Rock's Central High School. They had to be taken through mobs of jeering, yelling people."
That courage and fortitude, he said, "are the examples you want to see in an American – and in a ship's sponsor." I STILL RECALL THE MAGAZINE COVER:

[Jimbuna]

1580 Frances Drake completes circumnavigation of the world, sailing into Plymouth aboard the Golden Hind.

1918 Beginning of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, more than 1 million American soldiers in the largest and most costly offensive of WWI.

1925 Italian sub "Sebastiano Veniero" lost off Sicily with 54 dead.

1934 British liner Queen Mary is launched.

1940 Luftwaffe bombs Spitfire factory in Southampton for second time.

1950 UN troops in Korean War recapture South Korean capital of Seoul,

1973 Concorde makes its first non-stop crossing of the Atlantic (Washington, D.C. to Paris) in record-breaking time (3h33m).

1983 Soviet military officer Stanislav Petrov averts a worldwide nuclear war by judging supposed missile attack from the US an error.

[Jimbuna]

1066 William the Conqueror's troops set sail for England.

1938 British ocean liner "Queen Elizabeth" launches at Clydebank, Scotland.

1941 US launches its first Liberty ship, freighter SS Patrick Henry.

1941 Reinhard Heydrich, "butcher of Prague," appointed SS-general (Gruppenfuehrer).

1942 Heavy German assault in Stalingrad.

1945 US General and head of the Allied occupation of Japan, Douglas MacArthur, meets Emperor Hirohito in Tokyo for the first time.

1991 US President George H. W. Bush decides to end full-time B-52 bombers alert.

[Aktungbby]

Originally Posted by Jimbuna

1066 William the Conqueror's troops set sail for England.

HIC WILLELM[US] DUX IN MAGNO NAVIGIO MARE TRANSIVIT ET VENIT AD PEVENESÆ:

[Jimbuna]

1066 William the Conqueror invades England landing at Pevensey Bay, Sussex.

1939 German-Soviet Frontier Treaty is signed by Joachim von Ribbentrop and Vyacheslav Molotov; redraws German and Soviet spheres of influence in central Europe and transfers most of Lithuania to the USSR.

1958 USAF selects Thor over Jupiter rocket for mass production as ICBM's.

[fumo30]

Originally Posted by Jimbuna

1939 British navy captures German U-27 boat.

You mean they captured the crew?

The boat itself went down.

[Jimbuna]

1940 First US merchant ship "Booker T. Washington" commanded by a black captain (Hugh Mulzac), launched at Wilmington Delaware.

1941 Nazi massacre at Babi Yar, near Kiev, 33,771 mostly Jews murdered.

[Aktungbby]

Originally Posted by Jimbuna

1940 First US merchant ship "Booker T. Washington" commanded by a black captain (Hugh Mulzac), launched at Wilmington Delaware.

MORE IMPORTANTLY: Born March 26, 1886 on Union Island, St. Vincent Island Group, British West Indies, Mulzac entered the Swansea Nautical College in South Wales to prepare for a seaman's career while in his youth. He became an American citizen in 1918, and continued his training at the Shipping Board in New York. He earned his captain's rating in the merchant marine in 1918,

In 1942, Mulzac was offered command of the SS Booker T. Washington, the first Liberty ship to be named after an African-American. He refused at first because the crew was to be all black. He insisted on an integrated crew, stating, "Under no circumstances will I command a Jim Crow", and the authorities relented. With this, he became famous for being the first ever black captain, the first black man to obtains a ships masters license and the first black man ever to command a fully integrated vessel. Under his command, over 18,000 troops were transported around the world, and additionally "carrying vital war supplies such as tanks, aircraft and ammunition to the European front."
Captain Hugh Mulzac also played a role in the National Maritime Union. The Union included a clause that stipulated that there should be no discrimination based on color, race, political creed, religion or national origin...
After the war, Mulzac could not regain a position as captain. In 1948 he unsuccessfully filed a lawsuit against the ship's operators. In 1950 he made a bid for QueensBorough President under the American Labor Party ticket. He lost the election, having gotten 15,500 votes.
Due to his strong ties to the labor movement, he found himself blacklisted in the era of McCarthyism. At the New York state election, 1958, he ran on the Independent-Socialist ticket for New York State Comptroller.
Mulzac was a self-taught painter, and in 1958, thirty-two of his oil paintings were put on exhibit at one man show in the Countee Cullen Library in Manhattan. In 1960 a Federal Judge restored his seaman's papers and license, and at the age of 74 he was able to find work as a night mate.

<Captain Mulzac and his crew in England after the maiden voyage of the SS Booker T. Washington. C. Lastic, Second Mate; T. J. Young, Midshipman; E. B. Hlubik, Midshipman; C. Blackman, Radio Operator; T. A. Smith, Chief Engineer; Hugh Mulzac, Captain of the ship; Adolphus Fokes, Chief Mate; Lt. H. Kruley; E. P. Rutland, Second Engineer; and H. E. Larson, Third Engineer." one wonders if the term 'black gang" was used aboard the ship to refer to the engine or fireroon ??!! The black gang are the members of a ship's crew who work in the fire room/engine room they are also called stokers or firemen. They are called "black" because of the soot and coal dust that is thick in the air in the fire room/engine room. The term began being used in the days of the coal-fired steamships. The term is commonly used in the United States Coast Guard and United States Navy to describe personnel in "M" and "B" divisions. "No crew member of a steam ship works harder or longer than the guys in M and B division. They come in early for light off, go home well after everybody else upon returning to port, and by the nature and location of their work, have a tougher time than any sailor on the ship." http://www.usmm.org/african-americans.html