1841 US Supreme Court rules the kidnapped slaves from the Spanish schooner the Amistad are free.
1918 Russian Bolshevik Party becomes the Communist Party.
1935 Adolf Hitler publicly announces the creation of a new air force, the Luftwaffe.
1945 334 US B-29 Superfortresses attack Tokyo with 120,000 fire bombs.
1951 Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam submit a classified paper at the Los Alamos lab, in which they proposed their revolutionary new design, staged implosion, for a practical megaton-range hydrogen bomb.
1953 Joseph Stalin's funeral is held in Moscow after four days of national mourning.
1959 Barbie makes her debut at the American Toy Fair in New York. Over a billion have been sold worldwide since.
1961 Soviet flight Sputnik 9 carries and returns from orbit a dog named Chernushka (Blackie), frogs and a guinea pig.
1971 Three off-duty Scottish soldiers are killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army; 4000 shipyard workers take to the streets to demand internment in response.
1972 Four members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) die in a premature explosion at a house in Clonard Street, Lower Falls, Belfast.
1974 Last Japanese soldier, a guerrilla operating in the Philippines, surrenders, 29 years after World War II ended.
1994 IRA launch 1st of 3 mortar attacks on London's Heathrow Airport.
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